C3, C4 Photosynthesis, and CAM

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Bauwe, H. 1984. Photosynthetic enzyme activities in C3 and C3-C4 intermediate species of Moricandia and in Panicum milioides . Photosynthetica 18:201-209.

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Boryslawski, Z., and B. L. Bentley. 1985. The effect of nitrogen and clipping on interference between C3 and C4 grasses. Journal of Ecology 73:113-121.

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Boutton, T. W., G. N. Cameron, and B. N. Smith. 1978. Insect herbivory on C3 and C4 grasses. Oecologia 36:21-32.

Boutton, T. W., A. T. Harrison, and B. N. Smith. 1980. Distribution of biomass of species differing in photosynthetic pathway along an altitudinal transect in southwestern Wyoming grassland. Oecologia 45:287-298.

Brown, R. H. 1978. A difference in N efficiency in C3 and C4 plants and its implications in adaptation and evolution. Crop Science 18:93-98.

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Brown, R. H., and R. E. Simmons. 1979. Photosynthesis of grass species differing in CO2 fixation pathways. I. Water-use efficiency. Crop Science 19:375-379.

Brown, R. H., C. L. Bassett, R. G. Cameron, P. T. Evans, Bouton, J.H., C. C. Black, L. O'Reilly Sternberg, and M. J. DeNiro. 1986. Photosynthesis of F1 hybrids between C4 and C3-C4 species of Flaveria. Plant Physiology 82:211-217.

Bunce, J. A. 1985. Effects of day and night temperature and temperature variation on photosynthetic characteristics. Photosynthesis Research 6:175-182.

Burzynski, W., and Z. Lechowski. 1983. The effect of temperature and light intensity on the photosynthesis of Panicum species of the C3, C3-C4, and C4 type. Acta Physiologiae Plantarum 5:93-104.

Byrd, G. T., and R. H. Brown. 1989. Environmental effects on photorespiration of C3-C4 species. I. Influence of CO2 and O2 during growth on photorespiratory characteristics and leaf anatomy. Plant Physiology 90:1022-1028.

Caldwell, M. M. 1972. Adaptability and productivity of species possessing C3 and C4 photosynthesis in a cool desert environment. Pages 27-30 in USSR Academy of Sciences, Eco-physiological foundation of ecosystems productivity in arid zone. International Symposium, USSR. Nauka, Leningrad, USSR.

Caldwell, M. M., R. S. White, R. T. Moore, and L. B. Camp. 1977. Carbon balance, productivity, and water use of cold-winter desert shrub communities dominated by C3 and C4 species. Oecologia 29:275-300.

Carter, D. R., and K. M. Peterson. 1983. Effects of a CO2-enriched atmosphere on the growth and competitive interaction of a C3 and a C4 grass. Oecologia 58:188-192.

Cavagnaro, J. B. 1988. Distribution of C3 and C4 grasses at different altitudes in a temperate arid region of Argentina. Oecologia 76:273-277.

Cheng, S. H., B. D. Moore, J. Wu, G. E. Edwards, and M. S. B. Ku. 1989. Photosynthetic plasticity in Flaveria brownii - growth irradiance and the expression of C4 photosynthesis. Plant Physiology 89:1129-1135.

Cock, J. H., N. M. Riano, El-Sharkawy, Y. F. Lopez, and G. Bastidas. 1987. C3-C4 intermediate photosynthetic characteristics of cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz). II. Initial products of 14CO2 fixation. Photosynthesis Research 12:237-241.

Crespo, H. M., C. F. Cresswell, and J. Tew. 1979. The occurrence of both C3 and C4 photosynthetic characteristics on a single Zea mays plant. Planta 147:257-263.

Day, T. A., and J. K. Detling. 1990. Changes in grass leaf water relations following bison urine deposition. American Midland Naturalist 123:171-178.

De Jong, T. M. 1978. Comparative gas exchange and growth responses of C3 and C4 beach species grown at different salinities. Oecologia 36:59-68.

Dunn, R., S. M. Thomas, A. J. Keyes, and S. P. Long. 1987. A comparison of the growth of the C4 grass Spartina anglica with the C3 grass Lolium perenne at different temperatures. Journal of Experimental Botany 38:433-441.

Ehleringer, J. R. 1979. Photosynthesis and photorespiration: biochemistry, physiology, and ecological implications. HortScience 14:217-222.

Ehleringer, J. R. 1978. Implications of quantum yield differences on the distributions of C3 and C4 grasses. Oecologia 31:255-267.

Ehleringer, J., and R.W. Pearcy. 1983. Variation in quantum yield for CO2 uptake among C3 and C4 plants. Plant Physiology 73:555-559.

El-Sharkawy, M.A., and J.H. Cock. 1987. C3-C4 intermediate photosynthetic characteristics of cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz). I. Gas exchange. Photosynthesis Research 12:219-235.

Feldhake, C. M., and D. G. Boyer. 1985. Resistance to water loss from warm and cool-season forage canopies in a growth chamber. Agricultural and Forest Meteorology 34:269-275.

Feldhake, C. M., and D. G. Boyer. 1986. Effect of soil temperature on evaporation by C3 and C4 grasses. Agricultural and Forest Meteorology 37:309-318.

Fladung, M., and J. Hesselbach. 1989. Effect of varying environments on photosynthetic parameters of C3, C3-C4 and C4 species of Panicum . Oecologia 79:168-173.

Frean, M. L., D. Ariovich, and C. F. Cresswell. 1983. C3 and C4 photosynthetic and anatomical forms of Alloteropsis simialata (R. Br.) Hitchcock 2. A comparative investigation of leaf ultrastructure and distribution of chlorenchyma in the two forms. Annals of Botany 51:811-822.

Furbank, R. T., and R. C. Leegood. 1984. Carbon metabolism and gas exchange in leaves of Zea mays L. Interaction between the C3 and C4 pathways during photosynthetic induction. Planta 162:457-462.

Gebauer, G., B. Schubert, M. I. Schuhmacher, H. Rehder, and H. Ziegler. 1987. Biomass production and nitrogen content of C3- and C4-grasses in pure and mixed culture with different nitrogen supply. Oecologia 71:613-617.

Gurevitch, J. 1986. Restriction of a C3 grass to dry ridges in a semiarid grassland. Canadian Journal of Botany 64:1006-1011.

Gurevitch, J. 1986. Competition and the local distribution of the grass Stipa neomexicana. Ecology 67:46-57.

Hattersley, P. W., S.-C. Wong, S. Perry, and Z. Roksandic. 1986. Comparative ultrastructure and gas exchange characteristics of the C3-C4intermediate Neurachne minor S.T. Blake (Poaceae). Plant, Cell and Environment 9:217-233.

Hicks, R. A., D. D. Briske, C. A. Call, and R. J. Ansley. 1990. Co-existence of a perennial C3 bunchgrass in a C4 dominated grassland: An evaluation of gas exchange characteristics. Photosynthetica 24:63-74.

Holaday, A. S., and R. Chollet. 1983. Photosynthetic/photorespiratory carbon metabolism in the C3-C4 intermediate species, Moricandia arvensis and Panicum milioides. Plant Physiology 73:740-745.

Huber, W. E., R. H. Brown, J. H. Bouton, and L. O. Sternberg. 1989. CO2 exchange, cytogenetics, and leaf anatomy of hybrids between photosyntehtically distinct Flaveria species. Plant Physiology 89:839-844.

Huber, W., and N. Sankhla. 1976. C4 pathway and regulation of the balance between C4 and C3 metabolism. Pages 335-363 in O.L. Lange, L. Kappen, and E.-D. Schulze, editors. Ecological studies, volume 19. Water and plant life; problems and modern approaches. Springer-Verlag, New York, New York, USA.

Imai, K., and Y. Murata. 1979. Effect of carbon dioxide concentration on growth and dry matter production of crop plants. VI. Effect of oxygen concentration on the carbon dioxide-dry matter production relationship in some C3- and C4-crop species. Japanese Journal of Crop Science 48:58-65.

Imai, K., and Y. Murata. 1979. Effect of carbon dioxide concentration on growth and dry matter production of crop plants. VII. Influence of light intensity and temperature on the effect of carbon dioxide-enrichment in some C3- and C4-species. Japanese Journal of Crop Science 48:409-417.

Jones, M. B. 1988. Photosynthetic responses of C3 and C4 wetland species in a tropical swamp. Journal of Ecology 76:253-262.

Ku, M. S. B., M. R. Schmitt, and G. E. Edwards. 1979. Quantitative determination of RuBP carboxylase-oxygenase protein in leaves of several C3 and C4 plants. Journal of Experimental Botany 30:89-98.

Lanning, F. C., and L. N. Eleuterius. 1989. Silica deposition in some C3 and C4 species of grasses, sedges and composites in the USA. Annals of Botany 64:395-410.

Leaney, F. W., C. B. Osmond, G. B. Allison, and H. Ziegler. 1985. Hydrogen-isotope composition of leaf water in C3 and C4 plants: its relationship to the hydrogen-isotope composition. Planta 164:215-220.

Longstreth, D. J., T. L. Hartsock, and P. S. Nobel. 1980. Mesophyll and cell properties for some C3 and C4 species with photosynthetic rates. Physiologia Plantarum 48:494-498.

Lüttge, U. and K. Fischer. 1980. Light-dependent net CO-evolution by C3 and C4 plants. Planta 149:59-63.

Marks, S., and B. R. Strain. 1989. Effects of drought and CO2 enrichment on competition between two old-field perennials. New Phytologist 111:181-186.

Martin, C. E., F. S. Harris, and F. J. Norman. 1992. Ecophsyiological responses of C3 forbes and C4 grasses to drought and rain on a tallgrass prairie in northeastern Kansas. Botanical Gazette 152:257-.

Martin, C. E., F. S. Harris, and F. J. Norman. 1992. Ecophsyiological responses of C3 forbes and C4 grasses to drought and rain on a tallgrass prairie in northeastern Kansas. Botanical Gazette 152:257-.

Monson, R. K., and B. d. Moore. 1989. On the significance of C3-C4 intermediate photosynthesis to the evolution of C4 photosynthesis: opinion. Plant, Cell and Environment 12:689-699.

Monson, R. K., G. E. Edwards, and M. S. B. Ku. 1984. C3-C4 intermediate photosynthesis in plants. BioScience 34:563-574.

Monson, R. K., B. D. Moore, M. S. B. Ku, and G. E. Edwards. 1986. Co-function of C3, C4, and C4-C3 intermediate Flaveria species. Planta 168:493-502.

Monson, R. K., M. R. Sackschewsky, and G. J. Williams. 1986. Field measurements of photosynthesis, water-use efficiency, and growth in Agropyron smithii (C3) and Bouteloua gracilis (C4) in the Colorado shortgrass steppe. Oecologia 68:400-409.

Morden, C., J. D. Brotherson, and B. N. Smith. 1986. Ecological differences of C3 and C4 plant species from central Utah habitats and mineral composition. Great Basin Naturalist 46:140-147.

Peisker, M. 1986. Models of carbon metabolism in C3-C4 intermediate plants as applied ot the evolution of C4 photosynthesis. Plant, Cell and Environment 9:627-635.

Peisker, M. 1985. Modelling carbon metabolism in C3-C4 intermediate species. II. Carbon isotope discrimination. Photosynthetica 19:300-311.

Peisker, M., and H. Bauwe. 1984. Modeling carbon metabolism in C3-C4 intermediate species. I. CO2 compensation concentration and its O2 dependence. Photosynthetica 18:9-19.

Rawthorne, S., and C. M. Hyton. 1991. The relationship between the post-illumination CO2 burst and glycine metabolism in leaves of C3 and C4 intermediate species of . Planta 186:122-.

Robichaux, R. H., and R. W. Pearcy. 1980. Photosynthetic responses of C3 and C4 species from cool shaded habitats in Hawaii. Oecologia 47:106-109.

Rumpho, M. E., M. S. B. Ku, S.-H. Cheng, and G. E. Edwards. 1984. Photosynthetic characteristics of C3-C4 intermediate Flaveria species. Plant Physiology 75:993-996.

Rundel, P. W. 1980. The ecological distribution of C4 and C3 grasses in the Hawaiian Islands. Oecologia 45:354-359.

Schmidt, H.-L., and F. J. Winkler. 1979. Sole reasons for the range of variation of 13C-values found in C3- and C4-plants. Berichte der Deutschen Botanischen Gesellschaft 92:185-191.

Sternberg, L., and M. J. De Niro. 1983. Isotopic composition of cellulose from C3, C4, and CAM plants growing near one another. Science 220:947-948.

Takeda, T., W. Agata, S. Hakoyama, and H. Tanaka. 1977. Studies on weed vegetation in non-cultivated paddy fields. II. The relation between the ecological distribution of Gramineous C3- and C4-weeds and the soil moisture condition in non-cultivated paddy fields. Japanese Journal of Crop Science 46:558-568.

Tenhunen, J. D. 1982. The diurnal course of leaf gas exchange of the C4 species Amaranthus retroflexus under field conditions in a `cool' climate: comparison with the C3 species Glycine max and Chenopodium album. Oecologia 53:310-316.

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Vu, C. V., L. H. Allen, Jr., and L. A. Gerrard. 1982. Effects of supplemental UV-B radiation on primary photosynthetic carboxylating enzymes and soluble proteins in leaves of C3 and C4 crop plants. Physiologia Plantarum 55:11-16.

Welkie, G. W., and M. M. Caldwell. 1970. Leaf anatomy of species in some dicotyledon families as related to the C3 and C4 pathways of carbon fixation. Canadian Journal of Botany 48:2135-2146.

Wong, S. C. 1980. Elevated atmospheric partial pressure of CO2 and plant growth. I. Interactions of nitrogen nutrition and photosynthetic capacity in C3 and C4 plants. Oecologia 44:68-74.