Robin Jeshion
University of California, Riverside

There is much agreement that direct reference with at least some pure indexicals (“I”, “now”, “here”, “actual”) is necessary to any theory of reference. Such direct reference with pure indexicals is necessary to anchor reference and represent the perspectival character of the content of many of our thoughts and utterances. There is no such agreement about the necessity of direct reference to the external world with perceptual demonstratives or within the content of perceptual experience itself. In this paper, I argue in favor of the necessity of such direct reference, suggesting that only by means of direct reference can we successfully refer to and re-identify spatial locations (or type-identical objects at different spatial locations).