Name
Lab
Section
Movement Terminology and Joint Functions
Purpose: To review
the various articulations of the human body, to familiarize you with the movements possible at these joints, and to
learn terminology used to describe human movement.
Dress: Shorts, t-shirt
Equipment: Textbook
Objectives: At
the completion of this laboratory, you should be able to:
1. Define the
following terms:
frontal
plane eversion anterior
(ventral)
sagittal
plane plantar
flexion posterior
(dorsal)
transverse
plane dorsiflexion superior (cranial)
anteroposterior
(AP) axis radial
deviation (flexion) inferior
(caudal)
mediolateral
(ML) or transverse axis ulnar
deviation (flexion) medial
superior-inferior
(SI) longitudinal axis medial (internal)
rotation lateral
flexion lateral
(external) rotation proximal
extension pronation distal
hyperextension
supination inversion
abduction horizontal
abduction hyperflexion
adduction horizontal
adduction hyperadduction
circumduction
anatomical
position hyperabduction
lateral
flexion rotation
to the right rotation to
the left
linear
motion angular
motion general
motion
2. Identify the
joints at which each of the above movements occur.
3. Identify the
major bones in the body.
4. Describe and
demonstrate joint movements that occur in each plane of motion.
Background
Information:
To study,
analyze, or teach human movements, one must be able to clearly describe a
position or movement. Since there are numerous positions and movements the
human body can adopt and perform, a reference or baseline position is used to
reduce confusion and define positional and motion terms. “Anatomical position”
is the name of this baseline position. The anatomical position is an upright
standing posture in which all joints, except the ankle, are extended so that
all body segments form a straight line, with the palms facing forward. The
anatomical position is used to define movement terminology. The movement terms
are defined according to the orientation of 3 cardinal planes and their
associated axes to the body. Basically, a plane can be described as a pane of
glass that the divides the body or a segment into two parts. The cardinal planes
cut the body exactly in half. Each cardinal plane is associated with an
infinite number of planes that pass through the body (sort of like a stack of
paper, in which the cardinal plane is the sheet of paper that is in the middle
of the stack. Each plane has its own axis of rotation. The axis runs perpendicular
to the plane. Body segments can move linearly in a plane, or angularly
in a plane and around its associated axis. The joint that is in the
center of the surrounding moving segments is the axis. A movement term for the
body or a segment is defined according to which of the three planes it is
moving in. The intersection of the cardinal planes while in anatomical position
is called the center of gravity. It is important to know that these terms are
derived from the knowledge of planes and axes. In advanced movement analysis,
the planes and axes become the basis for quantitative analysis and thus the
dominant system for research.
The
joints in the human body can be classified according to structure or
function. For the purpose of this lab,
we will use a very simple functional classification system. Joints may be
classified according to the number of axes around which movement can
occur. For this lab, you will use the
terms nonaxial (no axis), uniaxial (one axis), biaxial (two axes), and triaxial (three axes) to classify the
joints in the body.
Procedures
to be completed prior to the lab session:
1. On a
separate sheet of paper, use your textbook and/or notes from your Human Anatomy
course to write the definitions of the terms listed under objective #1 on the
previous page.
2. View the
Movement Terminology lecture found at www.educ.uidaho.edu/pep300/lab_activities.htm.
3. Review the
major bones of the body listed on the following page and make sure you can
identify them on the diagrams provided.
Anterior
view Posterior view
1. Skull 1. Cervical vertebra
2. Clavicle 2. Scapula
3. Humerus 3. Thoracic vertebra
4. Radius 4. Rib
5. Ulna 5. Humerus
6. Carpals 6. Lumbar vertebra
7. Metacarpals 7.
8. Phalanges 8. Sacrum
9. Scapula 9. Coccyx
10. Sternum 10. Ulna
11.
12. Sacrum 12. Femur
13. Coccyx 13. Tibia
14. Femur 14. Fibula
15. Patella 15. Calcaneus
16. Tibia
17. Fibula
18. Tarsals
19. Metatarsals
Procedures
to be completed during the lab session:
1. Work in
pairs to complete the questions on the following pages for the major moveable
joints in the human body. Consider the
body in anatomical position and the proximal segment of each joint fixed.
Shoulder
Joint (glenohumeral)
Reduce the shoulder girdle movements by holding the
scapula and clavicle with the hand.
a. Move the
humerus in the sagittal plane.
Name of the
anterior movement?
Name of the
posterior movement beyond
anatomical
position?
b. Move the
humerus in the frontal plane.
Name of the
movement away from the
midline of
the body?
Name of the
movement toward the mid-
line of the
body?
Axis of the
movement?
c. Move the
humerus in the transverse plane.
Name of the
movement as the anterior
aspect
turns to face medially?
Name of the
movement as the anterior
aspect
turns to face laterally?
Axis of the
movement?
d. Move the
upper extremity in such a
way that a
circle is described by the
tips of the
fingers. This is called
circumduction
and is a combination of
which
fundamental movements?
e. Name the
functional classification of
the
shoulder joint.
f. From a
position of 90o of shoulder joint
abduction
(elbow extended), move the
humerus
toward the midline of the body in
the
transverse plane about a longitudinal
axis. What is the name of this movement?
Move the
humerus away from the midline of the
body in the
transverse plane about a longitudinal
axis. What is the name of this movement?
Elbow
Joint (humeroulnar)
a. Move the
forearm (radius and ulna) in the sagittal plane.
Name of
the anterior movement?
Name of
the return movement?
b. It will be obvious that frontal plane
movement is not possible at this joint.
Transverse plane movement seems possible, but occurs instead at the
proximal radioulnar joint (closely related to the humeroulnar) and distal
radioulnar joint (closely related to the wrist joint).
c. Name the functional classification of
the elbow joint?
Radioulnar
Joints
a. The radioulnar joints are in what
position when the body is in
anatomical position?
b. Name the movement of turning the
forearm and palm at the RU joints
toward the posterior side of the body.
c. Name the functional classification
of the RU joints.
Wrist
(radiocarpal, intercarpal, ulnar-disk-triquetral)
a. Move the hand in the sagittal plane.
Name of anterior movement?
Axis of movement?
b. Move the hand in the frontal plane.
Name of movement away from the
midline of the body in which the
hand is moved toward the radius?
Name of movement in which the
hand is moved toward the ulna?
c. With the radius and ulna firmly
fixed, can transverse plane
movement occur?
d. With the radius and ulna still
firmly fixed, can you describe a
circle with the hand?
Name of movement?
e. Name the functional classification of
the wrist joint.
Hip Joint - Pelvis Fixed (move thigh at the hip joint)
a. Name the movements that occur in the
sagittal plane.
b. Name the movements that occur in the
frontal plane.
c. Name the movements that occur in the
transverse plane.
d. Can circumduction be performed at this
joint?
e. From a
position of 90o of hip flexion
(knee flexed to 90o), move the
femur
toward
the midline of the body in the
transverse
plane about a longitudinal axis.
What is the
name of this movement?
Move the
femur away from the midline
of the
body in the transverse plane about
a
longitudinal axis. What is the name
of this
movement?
f. Name the functional classification of the
hip joint.
Knee
Joint
a. Move the tibia and fibula in the sagittal
plane.
Name of posterior movement?
Axis of movement?
b. With the knee flexed (as in a sitting
position), rotate the tibia and fibula so that the anterior aspect of the leg
turns medially and then laterally.
Name of medial movement?
Name of lateral movement?
Because the knee can perform movement
in two planes, it is classified as a biaxial
joint.
Ankle Joint (talocrural)
a. Move the foot in a sagittal plane.
Name the movement in which the
dorsal surface of the foot moves
toward the anterior aspect of the leg.
Name the movement in which the
dorsal surface of the foot moves away
from the anterior aspect of the leg.
b. Name the functional classification of
this joint.
Intertarsal Joints (subtalar, midtarsal)
a. Move the foot so that the sole faces
medially. What is the name of this
movement?
b. What is the name of the movement
in the opposite direction, in which
the sole is turned to face laterally?
2. Name several joints that permit circumduction. Demonstrate circumduction at these joints to
your lab partner.
3. Name several joints that permit hyperextension. Demonstrate hyperextension at these joints to
your lab partner.
4.
Complete the
charts on the following page for the skills displayed on the projector screen.
Skill
#1
|
Shoulder Joint |
Elbow Joint |
||
|
Phase Depicted from 1 to 2 |
Phase Depicted from 2 to 1 |
Phase Depicted from 1 to 2 |
Phase Depicted from 2 to 1 |
Joint Action |
|
|
|
|
Plane Associated with Joint Action |
|
|
|
|
Axis Associated with Joint Action |
|
|
|
|
Skill #2
Name
this skill. In what plane are you observing this skill? What motion is
occurring in the trunk for the phase depicted?
Skill #3
Complete the chart below to perform a basic anatomical analysis for the right shoulder joint during the performance of this skill. The first step of a qualitative anatomical analysis is to break down the performance into discrete phases. How you determine the phases depends on the complexity of your analysis. For today, you should identify the phases of the skill so that only one joint action is defined for the shoulder during that phase. Fill in the phase column with phase names you deem appropriate. It is possible that you may not use all of the rows provided.
Phase |
Joint Action |
Plane Associated
with Joint Action |
Axis Associated with Joint Action |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Questions
to be answered and turned in following lab:
1. Although there is no motion occurring at the trunk in Skill #1 that you analyzed during lab, does this mean that there are no muscles being contracted across the trunk? Explain your answer.
2. How do the actions at the shoulder joint differ between a wide-grip and a narrow-grip pull-up (forearms are in a supinated position)?
3.
Complete the
chart on the following page by writing the following information in the
appropriate columns: (a) functional
classification of the joint, (b) names of all possible movements, (c) the plane
in which each movement occurs, and, (d) the axis around which the movement
occurs. Assume the body is in anatomical
position. Be sure to list specific
movement terminology used for those joints where appropriate.
Joint |
Functional
Classification |
Movements
Permitted |
Planes of
Motion Associated with Identified Movements |
Axes of
Motion Associated with Identified Movements |
Wrist |
|
|
|
|
Radioulnar |
|
|
|
|
Elbow |
|
|
|
|
Shoulder |
|
|
|
|
Hip |
|
|
|
|
Knee |
|
|
|
|
Ankle |
|
|
|
|
MCP/MTP |
|
|
|
|
PIP/DIP |
|
|
|
|
* MTP/MCP – all metatarsophalangeal/metacarpophalangeal
joints except MCP 1
** PIP/DIP – all proximal interphalangeal/distal
interphalangeal joint (also IP joints)
The following is not to be turned
in but is simply to provide further practice in movement terminology from a
different perspective. Give one example from sport or daily living of a body
segment performing the actions listed. Do not use weight training exercises as
examples. Be as specific as possible
when describing the example. List the
joint at which the action is occurring. The first one has been done as an
example.
Action |
Sport/ADL Example |
Joint |
Segment/Bone Moving |
Movements in
the sagittal plane (about the ML axis if rotational movement) |
|||
flexion |
Forward swing of the leg during kicking |
hip |
thigh |
extension |
|
|
|
hyperextension |
|
|
|
plantar flexion |
|
|
|
dorsiflexion |
|
|
|
Movements in
the frontal plane (about the AP axis if rotational movement) |
|||
adduction |
|
|
|
abduction |
|
|
|
radial deviation |
|
|
|
ulnar deviation |
|
|
|
elevation |
|
|
|
depression |
|
|
|
left lateral flexion |
|
|
|
right lateral flexion |
|
|
|
inversion |
|
|
|
eversion |
|
|
|
upward rotation |
|
|
|
downward rotation |
|
|
|
Movements in
the transverse plane (about the SI axis if rotational movement) |
|||
medial rotation |
|
|
|
lateral rotation |
|
|
|
pronation |
|
|
|
supination |
|
|
|
right rotation |
|
|
|
left rotation |
|
|
|
Movements in no single definable plane |
|||
circumduction |
|
|
|
protraction |
|
|
|
retraction |
|
|
|