Species | Common Name | Birth rate | Age at first reproduction | Juvenile survival | Adult survival |
Phacochoerus acthiopicus | Wart hogs | . | . | * | . |
Odocoileus virginianus | White-tailed deer | * | * | + | . |
O. hemionus | Mule deer | . | + | . | . |
Cervus canadensis | Elk | * | * | * | * |
C. elephusc | Red deer | . | . | . | . |
Bison bison | Bison | * | . | . | . |
Bos tarus | Longhorn cattle | * | . | . | . |
Alces alces | Moose | * | * | . | . |
Ovis canadensis | Bighorn sheep | * | + | * | . |
O. dalli | Dall sheep | * | . | + | . |
O. aries | Soay sheep | . | . | * | * |
Capra aegagous | Ibex | + | . | . | . |
Syncerus caffer | African buffalo | + | . | * | * |
Chonochaetes taurinus | Wildebeeste | . | + | + | . |
Hemitragus jemlachicus | Himalayan tahr | . | * | + | + |
Loxodonta africana | African elephants | * | * | + | . |
Hippopotamus amphibius | Hippos | . | + | . | . |
Canis latrans | Coyotes | + | . | . | . |
C. lupus | Wolves | . | . | * | . |
Panthera leo | Lion | + | . | + | . |
Urusus arctos | Grizzly bears | * | . | * | . |
Homo sapiens | Humans | . | . | . | * |
a See Fowler et al. (1980a) and Fowler (1980d, 1981) for details.
bA star indicates statistically significant evidence and a plus sign indicates anecdotal evidence.
c Red deer are represented by evidence for recruitment as a combination of the factors identified individually for the other species.
Species | Reference | Factor which changed | Data points | Evidence* |
---|---|---|---|---|
Humans (Homo sapiens) | ||||
. | Paulus et al (1979) | survival | 9 | + |
Deer (Odocoileus virginianus and O. hemionus) | ||||
. | Teer et al. (1965) | ova per adult doe embryos per yearling doe |
5 6 |
+ + |
. | Hesselton et al. (1965) | embryos per adult doe embryos per yearling doe |
5 5 |
- - |
. | O'Roke and Hamerstrom (1948) | fawns per doe | 13 | + |
Swank (1958) | corpora lutea per doe | 4 | + | |
Elk (Cervus canadensis) | ||||
. | Gross (1969) | calves per cow | 10 | + |
. | Fowler and Barmore (1979) | portion pregnant 2-yr-olds juvenile survival |
8 10 |
+ - |
Bison (Bison bison) | ||||
. | Gjross et al. (1973) | young per female | 19 | + |
Longhorn cattle (Box taurus) | ||||
. | Gross et al. (1973) | young per female | 18 | + |
Bighorn sheep (Ovis canadensis) | ||||
. | Geist (1971) | lambs per ewe | 11 | + |
. | Woodgerd (1964) | lambs per ewe | 8 | + |
Soay sheep (Ovis aries) | ||||
. | Grubb (1964) | juvenile survival adult survival |
8 7 |
+ + |
African buffalo (Syncerus caffer) | ||||
. | Sinclair (1974) | adult survival | 7 | + |
Grizzly bear (Ursus arctos) | ||||
. | McCullough (in press) | cubs per female | 12 | + |
Wolves (Canis lupus) | ||||
. | Walters et al. (in press) | juvenile survival | 5 | + |
Harp seals (Pagophilus groenlandicus) | ||||
. | Lett et al. (in press) | portion giving birth age at reproductive maturity juvenile survival |
9 4 6 |
+ - + |
Northern fur seals (Callorhinus ursinus) | ||||
. | Elberhardt (in press) | juvenile survival | 19 | + |
Gray seals (Halichoerus grypus) | ||||
. | Coulson and Hickling (1964) | juvenile survival | 8 | + |
Blue whales (Balaenoptera musculus) | ||||
. | Gambell (1975) | pregnancy rate | 6 | + |
Fin whales (Balaenoptera physalus) | ||||
. | Gambell (1975) | pregnancy rate | 8 | + |
Sei whales (Balaenoptera borealis) | ||||
. | Gambell (1975) | pregnancy rate | 6 | + |
* + = support of the hypothesis that large mammal populations tend to show nonlinearity in density dependence, with change most pronounced at high population levels; - = support of null hypothesis.
Revised: 10 June 1998