Common probability sampling methods:
Simple random sampling: Select n units so that every group of n units has an equal chance of being selected.
Stratified random sampling: Divide the population into several non-overlapping groups, and take a simple random sample from each.
Systematic sampling: Selecting every kth element from a list.
Cluster sampling: Identify groups that are convenient to sample. Sample them and then obtain information on elements within.
Why not take a census instead? Because sampling ...
Quota sampling, and why it is not a good idea
Types of survey errors and how to reduce them
Nonobservation errors: Sampling error, coverage error, nonresponse
Observation errors: Interviewer (training), respondent (motivation),
measurement instrument (personal interview, telephone interview, self-administered, direct observation)
Methods for reducing errors: callbacks, rewards, trained interviewers, data quality checks, questionnaire construction
Considerations: question ordering, open versus closed questions, response options, question wording
see the listing starting on page 37 of the text