1) Mt. Rainier is an example of a: A) stratovolcano, B) shield volcano, C) cinder cone, D) fault, E) hotspot.

2) The silicate tetrahedron consists of a silicon atom and four atoms of: A) carbon, B) hydrogen, C) iridium, D) oxygen, E) chlorine.

3) These are used to forecast volcanic eruptions: A) earthquakes, B) volcanic gases, C) eruptions at adjacent volcanoes, D) all of the preceding, E) A and B.

4) Igneous rocks may be converted to sediment by: A) plate tectonics, B) weathering, C) melting, D) recrystallization, E) faulting

5) The earth's iron was made mostly: A) in the sun; B) in ancient stars; C) in the cores of asteroids; D) by the big bang; E) in Jupiter's core.

6) At Mt. Pinatubo, the scientists considered alternative hypotheses for the origins of the earthquakes, including: A) magma rising; B) outgassing steam; C) tectonic shifts; D) all of the preceding; E) none of the preceding.

7) The dominant group of minerals in the earth's crust and mantle is: A) the carbonates; B) the elements; C) the organics; D) the silicates; E) the sulfides.

8) The mineral muscovite peels into layers because it has one dominant cleavage direction. That cleavage plane marks: A) extra density, B) weak bonds, C) metallic bonds, D) excess nuclei, E) extra atoms.

9) The main control on whether an eruption is explosive or not is: A) whether the lava is a'a, pahoehoe, or mahaiki; B) whether it comes from a cone or composite volcano; C) the slopes of a volcano; D) the size of the vent; E) how bubbles interact in the magma.

10) The most important mechanism for the generation of magma in the earth is: A) decompression melting; B) fractional crystallization; C) the addition of heat; D) the addition of carbon dioxide; E) subduction.

11) A lava flow with a very rough surface is called: A) mahaiki, B) pahoehoe, C) bulldozer lava, D) a'a, E) none of the preceding.

12) Silicate minerals polymerize by the sharing of what atoms: A) silicon, B) ionic, C) chlorine, D) sodium, E) oxygen.

13) This kind of volcanic phenomenon killed 22,000 people in Armero, Colombia in 1984: A) pyroclastic flow, B) lava flow, C) air-fall, D) explosion, E) lahar.

14) The kind of rock made by solid-state recrystallization of a sedimentary rock: A) basalt, B) andesite, C) metamorphic, D) igneous, E) rhyolite.

15) The setting where the earth's plates are being pulled apart: A) the mid-oceanic ridges, B) the Himalayas, C) convergent plate boundaries, D) hotspots, E) none of the preceding.

16) Silicates may polymerize in the following geometry: A) chains, B) sheets, C) rings, D) all of the preceding, E) A and B but not C.

17) What gas is measured by a device called a COSPEC for monitoring the degassing of magma? A) carbon dioxide; B) steam; C) sulfur dioxide; D) hydrogen peroxide; E) ozone.

18) If magma that is ascending through the crust freezes on its way up, it is usually found in a: A) lahar; B) pahoehoe flow; C) mahaiki flow; D) dike; E) pyroclastic flow.

19) Heavy, rare elements like gold were made: A) during the big bang; B) by nuclear fusion in stars; C) in Jupiter's core; D) in the cores of asteroids; E) during the explosive deaths of ancient stars.

20) As a basaltic magma cools and crystallizes, it makes the following by fractional crystallization: A) rhyolite, B) quartz, C) silicon, D) A and B, E) none of the preceding.

21) X-rays are better than light for the study of crystalline structure because: A) they have faster velocity, B) they have longer wavelength, C) they have shorter wavelength, D) they have slower velocity, E) they vibrate perpendicular to a mineral's surface.

22) These are the greatest volcanic hazards because they travel over 200 mph and are extremely hot: A) lahars, B) lava flows, C) pyroclastic flows, D) air fall, E) none of the preceding.

23) Basalt results from partial melting in the earth's: A) crust, B) continents, C) core, D) metasphere, E) mantle.

24) You would expect a soft mineral that dissolves in water to have what kind of dominant bond? A) ionic, B) covalent, C) organic, D) tetrahedral, E) cubic.

25) The following is not a mineral: A) diamond, B) coal, C) oil, D) A and B, E) B and C.

26) The distances to and velocities of faraway galaxies tell us that the universe is approximately how old? A) 15,000 years; B) 460,000 years; C) 4,600,000 years; D) 4,600,000,000 years; E) 15,000,000,000 years.

27) Most of earth's geologic activity is concentrated: A) on the African plate; B) on slow plates; C) on fast plates; D) at plate boundaries; E) in plate interiors.

28) An ion with 8 neutrons, 6 electrons, and 8 protons has an atomic mass of: A) 6, B) 8, C) 14, D) 16, E) 22.

29) Radioactive decay is the spontaneous conversion of one isotope into: A) an ion, B) a mineral, C) an element, D) another isotope, E) electricity.

30) The atomic particle that is responsible for chemical bonding is the: A) nucleus, B) proton, C) neutron, D) electron, E) none of the preceding.

31) The lithosphere lies immediately upon the: A) asthenosphere, B) inner core, C) outer core, D) mantle, E) none of the preceding.

32) The following statement about magma is true: A) Magma freezes at a single temperature, B) Most magma is made by partial melting, C) Magma is made up entirely of molten material, D) Magma is never made by melting metamorphic rocks, E) Magma always erupts.

33) Calcite belongs to the mineral group known as the: A) silicates, B) oxides, C) sulfides, D) carbonates, E) sulfates.

34) The earth’s plates are made up of the: A) crust, B) mantle, C) core, D) asthenosphere, E) lithosphere.

35) Calderas form: A) when giant explosions excavate a crater, B) by meteorite impacts, C) by collapse into evacuated magma chambers, D) by nuclear fusion, E) from giant magma-dwelling organisms.

36) The main volcanic hazard at Mt. Pinatubo since 1992 (the big eruption was in 1991) has been: A) explosions, B) mudflows, C) ash fallout, D) poisonous gases, E) earthquakes.

37) The thickest crust of the earth is: A) at mid-ocean ridges, B) under the highest mountains, C) in the deep ocean trenches, D) at transform faults, E) in Missouri.

38) Mt. Pinatubo is in: A) the Aleutians, B) the Philippines, C) the Hawaiian Islands, D) Japan, E) New Zealand.

39) Which of the following would you NOT believe about Idaho: A) it is moving 3 cm/year towards Hawaii; B) it is moving 2 cm/year away from South Africa; C) it is moving 10 cm/yr towards Missouri; D) it is moving 2 cm/year over the Yellowstone hotspot; E) it is moving over the subducting Juan de Fuca plate.

40) When oxygen is bonded to silicon in quartz, it has a large diameter because: A) it is not radioactive; B) it is radioactive; C) this inference is incorrect - oxygen has a small diameter everywhere; D) it has more electrons around it; E). it has fewer electrons around it.