Fossil Fuels
Exxon Valdez
10 million gallons leaked
The U.S. uses about 1000 million gallons per day
About 50 years left
Oil and Gas
Source rocks
Migration
Reservoir rocks
Structural traps
Coal
Metamorphism drives off water and densifies
Peat => lignite => bitumin => anthracite
How to form an Ore Deposit
Natural concentration above background
e.g. Gold
Crust 0.004 ppm in rock
Ore 4 ppm = 1000 x enrichment
e.g. Copper
Crust = 0.005%
Ore = 0.5% = 100 x enrichment
Problem of dissolution, transportation, precipitation
Hydrothermal Ore Deposits
Porphyry systems
Massive sulfides
Magmatic ore deposits
Banded Iron Formations