1. Which of the following is part of the definition of geology?

2. There are several subdisciplines in geology. Mineralogy is the study of minerals, (a)_____ is the study of rocks, and (b)_____ is the study of rivers and landforms.

3. In general, the distribution of earthquake locations on the earth:

B. occur only in the ocean

C. occur only on the land

D. define mountain belts

E. none of the above

4. The earth is composed of a series of plates that are in motion. In general, these plates move at approximately:

5. Minerals are used in many everyday products. Which of the following items do NOT contain minerals?

A. quartz watch

B. makeup

C. fertilizer

D. lead pencil

6. A mineral must be a (a)_____ that (b)_____.

7. Minerals have a definite (but generally not fixed) (a)_____ and a/an (b)_____.

A. (a) arrangement of atoms, (b) constant set of physical properties

B. (a) arrangement of atoms, (b) constant chemical formula

C. (a) chemical composition, (b) random arrangement of atoms

D. (a) chemical composition, (b) constant set of physical properties

8. Minerals are named:

9. An atom is composed of several parts. The negatively charged part of an atom is a/an (a)_____, and the positively charged part of an atom is a/an (b)_____.

10. The weight of an atom is the sum of its (a)_____ and the size of an atom is a function of its (b)_____.

11. When the number of protons and electrons in an atom are unequal, the atom becomes a charged:

12. A/an (a)_____ has more electrons than protons and is (b)_____ than a/an (c)_____, which has more protons than electrons.

13. The most abundant anion in the earth's crust is (a)_____ and the most abundant cation is (b)_____.

A. (a) silicon, (b) oxygen

C. (a) oxygen, (b) carbon

D. (a) carbon, (b) oxygen

E. none of the above combinations

14. When the most abundant anion in the earth's crust combines with the most abundant anion, _____is formed.

15. Electrons play the major role in chemical bonding, and there are several different types of chemical bonds. When positive ions combine with negative ions, they form a/an _____ chemical bond (because opposite charges attract).

16. The physical properties of minerals can best be defined as:

17. (a)_____ is an applied force, while (b)_____ is a material's response to the force.

18. When a force is applied to a mineral and the mineral breaks along weak layers, the mineral is exhibiting one of its important physical properties that mineralogists term:

19. The physical properties of a mineral:

A. aid in mineral identification

B. are directly related to the mineral's crystal structure

C. are used to classify minerals

E. none of the above

20. Of the eight most abundant elements, _______, when present, usually imparts a dark color to minerals.

21. Minerals are classified based upon:

B. their main cation or cationic complex

C. their physical properties

D. where they are found

E. none of the above

22. Normally, silicon has a +4 charge and oxygen has a -2 charge. When these two elements combine to form a mineral, the sum of their charges must be (a)____, so they would combine in the ratio of (b)____.

23. Which of the following IS NOT a mineral formula (given the charges: K⁺, Al³⁺, Si⁴⁺, O^2-).

A. KAlSi₃O₈

B. KAlSi₂O₆

D. Al₂SiO₅

E. They are all possible mineral formulas.

24. I listed 9 major mineral classes. One of these, the (a)_____, has sulfur as its main anion. Another is sulfur plus oxygen and is called the (b)_____ group. These two groups are important environmentally because (c)_____ will more easily release heavy metals.

25. In minerals, consideration must be given to the charges on the anions and cations, and the anions and cations must _____ in the structure.

B. be of different sizes

C. be the same sizes

D. be equal in number

E. none of the above

26. Minerals that have the same chemical composition but different crystal structures:

27. Silicates are the most important mineral group because they comprise over 90% of the earth's crust. All silicates are based on (a)_____ which are composed of (b)_____.

A. (a) oxygen, (b) protons and electrons

B. (a) silicon, (b) protons and electrons

C. (a) Si and O, (b) liquids and solids

E. none of the above combinations

28. A single silicate tetrahedron has a change of _____ (given Si is +4 and O is -2).

29. I listed six groups of silicate minerals. These groups are distinguished by the _____ of the silicate tetrahedron.

30. (a)_____ is the most abundant mineral in the earth's crust, and (b)____ are the most abundant mineral group in the earth's crust.

B. (a) Quartz, (b) clays

C. (a) Calcite, (b) micas

D. (a) Calcite, (b) feldspars

E. none of the above combinations

31. There are three main classes of rocks based upon how the rocks form. (a)_____ rocks form from magma, (b)_____ rocks form from sediment, and (c)_____ rocks form from existing rocks.

32. Geologists often study rocks by looking at thin slices of them with a microscope. In this way it can be easy to distinguish an igneous rock from a sedimentary rock because the mineral grains are (a)_____ for the igneous rock and the grains often appear (b) _____ in the sedimentary rock.

33. (a)_____ is the description and classification of rocks, while (b)_____ deals with the origin and occurrence of rocks.

A. (a) Geology, (b) mineralogy

C. (a) Petrology, (b) petrography

D. (a) Geomorphology, (b) history

E. none of the above combinations

34. The rock cycle describes the processes that interact on rocks on the earth. There are two processes that destroy rocks, (a)_____, two processes that create rocks, (b)_____, and one process that alters rocks.

35. To understand at what pressure and temperature conditions a rock forms, geologists can identify which phase of a mineral may be stable. For example, if we find diamonds in a rock we know:

A. the rock was melted

B. the rock was weathered

D. the rock formed at low pressure

E. none of the above

36. There are two classes of igneous rocks. (a)_____ rocks form at or near the surface of the earth, and (b)_____ rocks form deep in the earth.

A. (a) Intrusive, (b) extrusive

C. (a) Plutonic, (b) volcanic

D. (a) Granite, (b) basalt

E. none of the above combinations

37. The grain size of igneous rocks provides clues as to where the rock formed. If magma cools rapidly on the surface, the grains are (a)_____, but if the magma cools slowly deep underground, the grains are (b)_____.

B. (a) visible, (b) invisible

C. (a) angular, (b) rounded

D. (a) interlocking, (b) flattened

E. none of the above combinations

38. Two of the most abundant types of igneous rocks are (a)_____, which occurs in Moscow, and (b)_____ which comprises Moscow Mountain.

39. (a)_____ is an example of an extrusive igneous rock, and (b)_____ is an example of an intrusive igneous rock.

A. (a) Limestone, (b) sandstone

C. (a) Granite, (b) basalt

D. (a) Rhyolite, (b) andesite

E. none of the above combinations

40. (a)_____ is formed when a mafic magma crystallizes at the surface, and (b)_____ is formed when a felsic magma crystallizes deep in the earth.

41. (a)_____ is the major rock type of the sea floor and forms when a mafic lava cools on the ocean floor. (b)_____ is the major rock type making up the continents and forms when a felsic magma cools deep in the earth.

A. (a) Limestone, (b) Sandstone

B. (a) Rhyolite, (b) Andesite

C. (a) Granite, (b) Basalt

E. none of the above combinations

42. We can talk of igneous rocks based on where they formed, how they formed, and what they look like. Thus, _____ could all be used as synonyms to describe the same rock, for instance a basalt.

43. The classification of igneous rocks is based on their:

B. color and minerals

C. grain size and color

D. texture and grain size

E. none of the above

44. (a)_____ can be defined as molten rock and (b)_____ can be described as molten rock at the surface.

45. (a)_____ magmas are high in Fe and Mg and low in Si, while (b)_____ magmas are low in Fe and Mg and high in Si.

A. (a) Granite, (b) basalt

B. (a) Felsic, (b) mafic

D. (a) Feldspar, (b) calcite

E. none of the above combinations

46. (a)_____ lavas are thicker (i.e., flow less easily) than (b)_____ lavas, because the silicon tetrahedrons are (c)_____ in the former.

47. The steepness of a volcano slope increases when:

A. there is more linking of silicate tetrahedrons in the lavas

B. there is less linking of silicate tetrahedrons in the lavas

C. lava of intermediate composition replaces that of mafic composition

E. none of the above

48. Shield volcanoes are composed of (a)_____, and composite volcanoes are composed of (b)_____.

49. Because the minerals are usually too small to see in extrusive igneous rocks, we tend to identify the rocks based on their color. For instance, (a)_____ is dark, (b)_____ is gray, and (c)_____ is light in color.

B. (a) rhyolite, (b) andesite, (c) basalt

C. (a) granite, (b) andesite, (c) basalt

D. (a) andesite, (b) granite, (c) rhyolite

E. none of the above combinations

50. I have made sure that my ID is correctly entered on the scan sheet, I will take the test with me when I leave, and I have answered all the questions on the test and entered them on the scan sheet.

B. no