1. Bowen’s reaction series is used to explain:

B. how rocks undergo metamorphism

C. how rocks undergo mechanical weathering

D. how minerals break apart

E. none of the above

2. (a)_____ would be the first mineral to form on the discontinuous side of Bowen’s reaction series and (b)_____ would be the first mineral to form on the continuous side of Bowen’s reaction series as a magma cools.

3. Magmas evolve from mafic to felsic composition by several processes. (a) _____ is a process that removes Fe-Mg rich minerals from the magma because these early-formed minerals (b)_____ in the magma chamber.

A. (a) Crystal settling, (b) float

B. (a) Crystallization, (b) remelt

C. (a) Magma mixing, (b) sink

D. (a) Partial melting, (b) float

4. (a)_____ is the intrusive equivalent of (b)_____, and both form from mafic magmas.

5. Pegmatites are a unique intrusive igneous rock because they are composed of:

A. very small crystals

C. feldspars

D. micas

E. none of the above

6. If a rock composed of quartz and Ca-feldspar is heated:

7. As a magma starts to cool:

B. granite would form first

C. quartz would form before any other minerals

D. both B and C

E. none of the above

8. Rock types correlate to plate boundaries. For instance, (a)_____ forms at diverging plates, and (b)_____ often forms volcanoes at converging plates.

A. (a) granite, (b) basalt

B. (a) granite, (b) andesite

D. (a) basalt, (b) granite

E. none of the above combinations

9. Sedimentary rocks form from:

B. cooling magmas

C. remelting and erosion of granite

D. all of the above

E. none of the above

10. Which of the following occur in the sediment-sedimentary rock cycle?

11. Lithification is:

B. the process by which rocks break down to make sediment

C. a process that deals with the movement of sediment

D. all of the above

E. none of the above

12. Rocks break down into sediment by (a)_____ and (b)_____ weathering. The latter involves the process in which minerals dissolve.

13. When mechanical weathering occurs, rocks are broken into smaller pieces. One way they break is when the temperature:

A. increases

B. decreases

C. stays the same for a long time

E. none of the above

14. Rocks can also break apart when pressure:

15. An example of chemical weathering is:

A. calcite dissolving when water and carbon dioxide are added to it

B. a feldspar altering to a clay when water is added

C. quartz breaking into smaller pieces when it is heated

E. none of the above

16. Different kinds of bedding in sedimentary rocks give us clues as to how the rocks formed. For instance, (a)_____ bedding occurs when sediments are deposited in standing water, while (b)_____ bedding occurs in moving water.

17. The size and shape of sediment give us clues as to what moved the sediment and how far it traveled. For instance, (a)_____ sorted and (b)_____ rounded sediment may have been moved a great distance by water.

B. (a) well, (b) poorly

C. (a) poorly, (b) well

D. (a) poorly, (b) poorly

E. none of the above combinations

18. Sedimentary rocks are classified based on:

19. The grain sizes used in sedimentary rock classification are, from smallest to largest:

B. silt, clay, sand, gravel

C. sand, clay, silt, gravel

D. gravel, sand, clay, silt

20. Coal is a sedimentary rock composed of:

21. Metamorphic rocks form from alteration of existing rocks:

B. by melting thee rocks into a magma

C. by weathering the rocks into sediments

D. by magic

E. none of the above

22. Metamorphic rocks from as a result of changes in temperature and pressure. When they form, temperature usually (a)_____ and pressure usually (b)_____.

E. none of the above combinations

23. Pressure and temperature both increase as we go down into the earth. At (a)_____ plate boundaries, the pressure is higher and the temperature is lower than in the middle of a plate. At (b)_____ plate boundaries, the temperature is higher and the pressure is lower than in the middle of a plate.

A. (a) active, (b) inactive

B. (a) young, (b) old

C. (a) diverging, (b) converging

E. none of the above combinations

24. Stress affects rocks in different ways. (a)_____ will decrease the size of a rock while maintaining the same shape, while (b)_____ will change both the size and shape of the rock.

25. Phase diagrams are used to:

A. identify rocks

B. classify rocks

D. all of the above

E. none of the above

26. Metamorphic rocks are classified based upon:

27. The minerals that occur in a metamorphic rock are a function of:

A. the pressure and temperature of rock formation

B. the original composition of the preexisting rock

C. whether the rock melted or not

E. none of the above

28. The texture of a metamorphic rock results from:

29. When a shale undergoes metamorphism, it can form several foliated rocks depending upon the pressure and temperature conditions. With increasing pressure and temperature, which set of rocks would form, from lowest to highest metamorphic conditions?

B. gneiss, schist, phyllite, slate

C. marble, quartzite

30. With increasing pressure, temperature, and time, the minerals in a rock undergoing metamorphism will:

31. Geologists use two types of time: (a)_____ time, which tells the order of events (i.e., which happened first) and (b)_____ time, which assigns dates to events (i.e., the number of years before the present).

32. Geologic time is divided into different eras and periods. Most of the periods derive their name from locations where rocks of that age were first found. The three eras derive their names from "recent," "middle," and "old" time and are, in order of youngest to oldest:

33. Geologists use different principles to determine the order of formation of rocks. For instance, (a)_____ states that younger rocks overlie older rocks and (b)_____ indicates the relationship that younger material goes through older material.

B. (a) original horizontality, (b) superposition

C. (a) original horizontality, (b) cross-cutting relationships

D. (a) superposition, (b) original horizontality

E. none of the above combinations

34. To determine absolute geologic time, we need to know of some event that occurs in a cycle. If we know the length of the cycle, we can determine how many years before present an event occurred. Which of the following have cycles we can use?

35. An isotope is:

A. harmful

C. an element with the same number of electrons but different number of neutrons

D. all of the above

E. none of the above

36. Many naturally-occurring isotopes are non-stable and undergo radioactive decay to form more stable elements. The original element is called the (a)_____ and its decay product is the (b)_____. The time it takes for one-half of (a) to decay to (b) is called the element's (c)_____. The ratio of (a) to (b) can be determined in a rock to find the rock's age.

B. (a) daughter, (b) parent, (c) half-life

C. (a) parent, (b) daughter, (c) age

D. (a) parent, (b) daughter, (c) time

E. none of the above combinations

37. Mass wasting is a process that involves (a)_____, and the driving force is (b)_____.

A. (a) weathering of rocks, (b) water

B. (a) melting of rocks, (b) heat

D. (a) metamorphism of rocks, (b) temperature and pressure

E. none of the above combinations

38. Which of the following helps trigger mass wasting?

39. Mass wasting events are classified based on:

A. type of material moved

B. rate of movement

C. nature of movement

E. none of the above

40. (a)_____ is mass wasting that occurs very slowly (approximately 1"/year). It occurs on most slopes because of (b)_____.

A. (a) Creep, (b) running water

C. (a) Earthflow, (b) running water

D. (a) A landslide, (b) earthquakes

E. none of the above combinations

41. Which sequence of rock types occurs in the Moscow area, from oldest to youngest?

42. Moscow Mountain is composed of (a)_____, and the rock in Moscow is (b)_____.

A. (a) granite, (b) basalt

B. (a) granite, (b) gabbro

C. (a) igneous rocks, (b) igneous rocks

E. none of the above combinations

43. The metamorphic belt rocks I discussed in class and we saw on the field trip were originally:

44. The plant fossils we saw on the field trip were preserved in (a)_____ -sized sediments. These sediments were deposited in a lake which formed behind a/an (b)_____ dam.

45. These plant fossils indicate that the climate 15 million years ago in our area was:

46. Although we saw no evidence of this on our field trip, another major geological event occurred in our area about 10,000 years ago. It was a major flood that occurred when a lake formed behind a/an _____ dam in Montana emptied in a day or so to produce the Scablands of central Washington.

47. The current landscape around Moscow and to the west, termed the Palouse, forms as result of:

48. The roads in and around Moscow are made from _____, which is quarried locally.

A. granite

B. gabbro

C. limestone

D. shale

49. To summarize the geological development of our region (from past to present): Approximately 1 billion years ago, (a)_____. About 800 million years ago, the area (b)_____. About 100-200 million years ago, (c)_____. The last major rock type, (d)_____, formed about 15 million years ago.

50. I have made sure that my ID is correctly entered on the scan sheet, I will take the test with me when I leave, and I have answered all the questions on the test and entered them on the scan sheet.

B. no