1. The area next to a stream that floods:

B. is a good place to build a house

C. should be protected from flooding by sandbags

D. all of the above

E. none of the above

2. The main function(s) of a stream is/are:

3. To determine if a stream will transport, erode, or deposit sediment, one must know the _____ of the water and the size of the sediment.

A. temperature

B. width

C. depth

E. none of the above

4. The velocity of a stream can vary across the stream. Because of this sediment can be (a)_____ on the side of the stream with greater velocity and (b)_____ on the side with lower velocity.

5. The (a) _____ forms on the side of the stream with greater velocity, while the (b)_____ forms on the side with lower velocity.

A. (a) well-rounded sediment, (b) poorly-rounded sediment

B. (a) pointbar, (b) cutbank

D. (a) well-sorted sediment, (b) poorly-sorted sediment

E. none of the above combinations

6. The velocity variation across the stream also creates differing depths in the cross-section of the stream. The deepest part of the stream occurs:

7. The amount of water a stream carries is its (a)____ and is calculated based on the stream’s (b)____.

A. (a) discharge, (b) gradient

B. (a) discharge, (b) velocity

D. (a) gradient, (b) discharge

E. none of the above

8. Humans have made many attempts to control flooding. For instance, we have built (a)_____ which it turn form (b)_____ in which to store the water. We have also built (c)_____, which are linear ridges next to a stream

9. None of the engineering solutions we have developed stop flooding. In fact the best way to "control" flooding is to use the stream’s _____ as a place to store water during a flood.

B. pointbar

C. cutbank

D. all of the above

E. none of the above

10. Glaciers are defined as (a)_____ and form when (b)_____. Thus, cool summers contribute more to glacier formation than cold winters.

11. Snow can be thought of as sediment, and glacier ice can be thought of as:

A. a sedimentary rock

C. a sediment layer

D. firn

E. none of the above

12. Both streams and glaciers erode our landscape and can form valleys. However, streams form (a)_____ valleys, while glaciers form (b)_____ valleys.

13. Glaciers help us understand climate change. If the earth warms and glaciers melt, sea level will (a)_____ and flood coastal areas. However for this to happen, the ice that melts must be (b)_____.

A. (a) decrease, (b) floating on the oceans

B. (a) decrease, (b) on the land

C. (a) increase, (b) floating on the oceans

E. none of the above combinations

14. Most caves form in limestone, which is made of calcite. The cave forms when calcite _____:

15. There are several types of cave formations. For instance _____ grow down from the cave ceiling.

B. stalagmites

C. columns

D. all of the above

E. none of the above

16. Many cave formations are made of calcite. When water, rich in dissolved calcite, enters the cave, _____, causing calcite to precipitate.

17. Groundwater is best defined as:

A. water on the ground

C. water in underground streams

D. water in surface streams

E. none of the above

18. (a)_____ percent void space in a rock and indicates how much water a rock can hold, while (b)_____ is the connectivity of these spaces and indicates whether water can flow through the rock.

19. If a rock has a porosity of 1%, how much water (in gallons) would one cubic foot of the rock hold (given there are 8 gallons of water in one cubic foot)?

B. 0.8 gallons

C. 8 gallons

D. 1%

E. none of the above

20. Through which of the following would groundwater flow the fastest?

21. _____ is the boundary between the saturated and unsaturated zones.

A. Porosity

B. Permeability

D. recharge

E. none of the above

22. Groundwater is naturally replenished from surface water. This process is called (a)_____, and (b)_____ occurs when more groundwater is pumped out of the ground than what enters naturally.

23. Other problems occur when we pump too much water from the ground. For instance, when the watertable over a large area decreases, a/an (a)_____ has occurred. Pumping one well too fast can result in a/an (b)_____ forming around that well. In either case water production decreases.

A. (a) overdrafting, (b) subsidence

B. (a) depletion, (b) cone of depression

C. (a) problem, (b) pollution

E. none of the above combinations

24. In Moscow we obtain all of our water from wells drilled 1,000 to 2,000 feet deep into:

25. A force applied to a rock is called (a)____. The rock's response to the force is called (b)_____.

26. When a rock has undergone non-recoverable strain, it has been _____ deformed.

27. When a rock has undergone plastic deformation, it can either break which creates (a)_____, or it can bend which creates (b)_____ in the rock.

28. If there is movement along a fracture in a rock, a/an (a)_____ occurs; if there is no movement, then a/an (b)_____ occurs.

29. When geologists measure folds, faults, and rock outcrops, they determine (a)_____ which is the angle from the horizontal and (b)_____ which is perpendicular to (a) and is a compass bearing.

30. Faults are classified based upon their main direction of movement. Dip-slip faults have the major portion of their displacement in the (a)_____ direction, while strike-slip faults mainly move in the (b)_____ direction

31. There are two types of dip-slip faults: normal faults form when the (a)_____ stress direction is perpendicular to the strike of the fault, while reverse faults from when the (b)_____ stress direction is perpendicular to the strike of the fault. Lastly, strike-slip faults have their greatest stress direction (c)_____ to their strike.

32. Certain fault types occur at the three major types of plate boundaries. (a)_____ faults occur at converging boundaries, (b)_____ faults occur at diverging plate boundaries, and (c)_____ faults occur at transform plate boundaries.

33. The Kibbie Dome is an example of a/an _____.

34. When an earthquake occurs, several types of waves are produced and travel away from the earthquake. The (a)_____-wave travels faster than the (b)_____-wave.

A. (a) P, (b) S

B. (a) S, (b) P

C. (a) compression, (b) shear

E. none of the above combinations

35. Because these waves travel at different speeds, their arrival times at distant seismic stations differ. This time difference can be used to:

A. determine the strength of the earthquake

B. determine the magnitude of the earthquake

D. all of the above

E. none of the above

36. We use two scales to measure the strengths of earthquakes. The (a)____ is based on the effect the earthquake has on people and buildings, and the (b)____ is based on the amount of energy released.

37. The epicenters of earthquakes can be used to (a)_____, and their foci can be used to (b)_____.

A. (a) determine the depth to an earthquake, (b) locate the epicenters

C. (a) locate plate boundaries, (b) locate volcanoes

D. all of the above

E. none of the above combinations

38. Addition of groundwater to active faults along a transform plate boundary might:

39. Which of the following have been used to predict earthquakes?

A. water levels in wells

B. animal behavior

C. radio signals

D. tiltmeters

40. Gravity differences can locate geologic bodies. For instance, an increase in gravity might indicate.

41. Heat flow differences are also used. For instance, an increase in heat flow might indicate:

A. a magma body

B. a radioactive mineral deposit

C. a converging plate boundary

D. a cave

42. While hard to believe, _____ every 600,000 to 1 million years.

43. The earth is divided into the core, mantle, and crust based on composition. The core is further divided into a (a)_____ inner core and (b)_____ outer core. We know this because (c)_____-waves will not travel through liquid.

A. (a) liquid, (b) solid, (c) S

C. (a) liquid, (b) solid, (c) P

D. (a) liquid, (b) solid, (c) S

E. none of the above combinations

44. The upper several hundred miles of the earth is divided into two zones based on how they behave. The (a)_____ behaves in brittle fashion, while the (b)_____ behaves in a ductile fashion.

45. Isostatic rebound is a theory that states there is vertical movement in the earth based upon addition or removal of material. For instance, in the past 10,000 years the midwestern United States has been uplifted approximately _____ feet after the one-mile thick glaciers melted.

A. 3

B. 30

D. 3000

E. none of the above

46. Some rocks on the continents are several billion years old, yet rocks on the sea floor are no older than (a)_____ million years. This is because rocks that comprise the sea floor are created at (b)_____ and destroyed at (c)_____.

47. The physiography of the ocean floor supports the theory of plate tectonics. (a)_____ are shallow linear features that occur along (b)_____ plate boundaries, while (c)_____ are deep linear features that occur along (d)_____.

B. (a) Mid-ocean ridges, (b) converging, (c) ocean trenches, (d) diverging

C. (a) Ocean trenches, (b) diverging, (c) mid-ocean ridges, (d) converging

D. (a) Ocean trenches, (b) converging, (c) mid-ocean ridges, (d) diverging

E. none of the above combinations

48. How deep are ocean trenches (below sea level)?

49. The day-before Thanksgiving break question; it will be hard to answer this question if you missed that class.

50. I have made sure that my ID is correctly entered on the scan sheet, I will take the test with me when I leave, and I have answered all the questions on the test and entered them on the scan sheet.

B. no