1. Which of the following is part of the definition of geology?

2. Minerals are used in many everyday products. Which of the following items do NOT contain minerals?

A. quartz watch

B. cosmetics

C. fertilizer

D. lead pencil

3. Minerals are named:

4. The most abundant anion in the earth's crust is (a)_____ and the most abundant cation is (b)_____. When the most abundant anion in the earth's crust combines with the most abundant cation, (c) _____is formed.

A. (a) silicon, (b) oxygen, (c) quartz

C. (a) oxygen, (b) carbon, (c) calcite

D. (a) carbon, (b) oxygen, (c) calcite

E. none of the above combinations

5. Minerals are classified based upon:

B. their main cation or cationic complex

C. their physical properties

D. where they are found

E. none of the above

6. There are three main classes of rocks based upon how the rocks form. (a)_____ rocks form from magma, (b)_____ rocks form from sediment, and (c)_____ rocks form from existing rocks.

7. Geologists often study rocks by looking at thin slices of them with a microscope. In this way it can be easy to distinguish an igneous rock from a sedimentary rock because the mineral grains are (a)_____ for the igneous rock, the grains often appear (b) _____ in the sedimentary rock, and they often appear (c)_____ in metamorphic rock.

8. The grain size of igneous rocks provides clues as to where the rock formed. If magma cools rapidly on the surface, the grains are (a)_____, but if the magma cools slowly deep underground, the grains are (b)_____.

B. (a) visible, (b) invisible

C. (a) angular, (b) rounded

D. (a) interlocking, (b) flattened

E. none of the above combinations

9. The grain shapes in sedimentary and metamorphic rocks also give us clues as to how the rock formed. For instance, (a)_____ grains result when sediment is transported a great distance by water, and (b)_____ grains arise from directed stresses that are common during metamorphism.

A. (a) angular, (b) rounded

B. (a) angular, (b) flattened

C. (a) rounded, (b) angular

E. none of the above combinations

10. Igneous rocks are classified based on (a)_____, sedimentary rocks are classified based on (b)____, and metamorphic rocks are classified based on (c)_____.

11. Magma composition affects volcanic eruption styles. For instance, magmas higher in (a)_____ are thicker and cause more violent eruptions, than magma high in (b)_____, which behave more like water. Also, the thickness of the magma relates to the (c)_____

B. (a) Fe and Mg, (b) Si, (c) increased polymerization of the silicate tetrahedron

C. (a) water, (b) gas, (c) temperature of the magma

D. (a) gas, (b) water, (c) temperature of the magma

E. none of the above combinations

12. If mud-sized grains derived from granite are deposited in a lake, they might later form the layered sedimentary rock (a)_____. This sedimentary rock, in turn, might later be converted to (b) _____, which is a foliated metamorphic rock with no visible minerals

13. Geologists use two types of time: (a)_____ time, which tells the order of events (i.e., which happened first) and (b)_____ time, which assigns dates to events (i.e., the number of years before the present).

14. Given the half-life of a radioactive element is 1 million years, how old would a rock be that contained a 50/50 ratio of parent to daughter element?

15. Mass wasting is a process that involves (a)_____, and the driving force is (b)_____.

A. (a) weathering of rocks, (b) water

B. (a) melting of rocks, (b) heat

D. (a) metamorphism of rocks, (b) temperature and pressure

E. none of the above combinations

16. (a)_____ is mass wasting that occurs very slowly (approximately 1"/year). It occurs on most slopes because of (b)_____.

A. (a) Creep, (b) running water

C. (a) Earthflow, (b) running water

D. (a) A landslide, (b) earthquakes

E. none of the above combinations

17. The area next to a stream that floods:

B. is a good place to build a house

C. should be protected from flooding by sandbags

D. all of the above

E. none of the above

18. People have made many attempts to control flooding. For instance, we have built (a)_____, which in turn form (b)_____ in which to store the water. We have also built (c)_____, which are linear ridges next to a stream. None of these solutions we have developed stops flooding. In fact, the best way to "control" flooding is to use the stream’s (d)_____ as a place to store water during a flood.

19. Glaciers are defined as (a)_____ and form when (b)_____. Thus, cool summers contribute more to glacier formation than cold winters.

20. (a)_____ percent void space in a rock and indicates how much water a rock can hold, while (b)_____ is the connectivity of these spaces and indicates whether water can flow through the rock.

21. In Moscow we obtain all of our water from wells drilled into:

22. Which sequence of rock types occurs in the Moscow area, from oldest to youngest?

23. Moscow Mountain is composed of (a)_____, and the rock in Moscow is (b)_____.

A. (a) granite, (b) basalt

B. (a) granite, (b) gabbro

C. (a) igneous rocks, (b) igneous rocks

E. none of the above combinations

24. The plant fossils we saw on the field trip were preserved in (a)_____ -sized sediments. These sediments were deposited in a lake which formed behind a/an (b)_____ dam. These plant fossils indicate that the climate 15 million years ago in our area was (c)_____.

25. The current landscape around Moscow and to the west, termed the Palouse, forms as result of:

26. To summarize the geological development of our region (from past to present): Approximately 1 billion years ago, (a)_____. About 800 million years ago, the area (b)_____. About 100-200 million years ago, (c)_____. The last major rock type, (d)_____, formed about 15 million years ago.

27. A force applied to a rock is called (a)____. The rock's response to the force is called (b)_____.

28. When a rock has undergone plastic deformation, it can either break which creates (a)_____, or it can bend which creates (b)_____ in the rock.

29. There are two types of dip-slip faults: normal faults form when the (a)_____ stress direction is perpendicular to the strike of the fault, while reverse faults from when the (b)_____ stress direction is perpendicular to the strike of the fault. Lastly, strike-slip faults have their greatest stress direction (c)_____ to their strike.

30. When an earthquake occurs, several types of waves are produced and travel away from the earthquake. The (a)_____-wave travels faster than the (b)_____-wave. Also, from these waves we can determine the nature of the earth's interior. For instance, we know the earth has an outer liquid core because (c)_____-waves will not travel through a liquid.

B. (a) S, (b) P, (c) P

C. (a) compression, (b) shear, (c) compression

D. both A and C

E. none of the above combinations

31. The Kibbie Dome is an example of a/an _____.

32. The epicenters of earthquakes can be used to (a)_____, and their foci can be used to (b)_____.

A. (a) determine the depth to an earthquake, (b) locate the epicenters

C. (a) locate plate boundaries, (b) locate volcanoes

D. all of the above

E. none of the above combinations

33. Certain fault types occur at the three major types of plate boundaries. (a)_____ faults occur at converging boundaries, (b)_____ faults occur at diverging plate boundaries, and (c)_____ faults occur at transform plate boundaries.

34. The physiography of the sea floor supports the theory of plate tectonics. The shallow, elongate ridges mark the boundaries of (a)_____ plates, and the deep, elongate trenches mark the boundaries of (b)_____ plates.

35. Another feature found in the (a)_____ that form the ocean floor is magnetic striping. This occurs from a combination of (b)_____ and (c)_____.

36. Evidence supporting plate tectonics comes from the theory of:

37. Plate tectonics is described as:

38. The continental crust is composed mainly of (a)_____. The ocean crust is composed mainly of (b)_____, and the rocks comprising the oceanic crust are much (c)_____ than those of the continent.

39. A/an (a)_____ is the total amount of material (both discovered and undiscovered), and a/an (b)_____ is the found profitably mineable material.

40. Before confronting environmental or resource use questions in the United States, it is helpful to know the approximate population of the US, which is:

41. In the US we use approximately (a)_____ gallons of oil per day and must import approximately (b)_____ of the oil we use.

42. In the US approximately _____ percent of our energy comes from hydrocarbons.

43. Of the different forms of hydrocarbons, we get the most percent of our energy in the US from:

44. If current projections are correct, we will run out of crude oil in approximately _____ years.

45. Which of the following lists coals from lowest to highest rank (i.e., increasing carbon content)?

46. Historically, Idaho has been a mining state. Which of the following currently produces the most revenues in the state?

47. Asbestos is best defined as a/an (a)_____. There are different kinds of asbestos; (b)_____ asbestos is more of a health risk than (c)_____ asbestos.

48. Global warming is a theory stating that the earth’s atmosphere will warm as fossil fuels are burned because of increasing carbon dioxide in the atmosphere. One of the main sources of carbon dioxide is auto exhaust. However, I showed a calculation that:

49. In the future I would like to do all student evaluations on the web (any answer will be correct).

50. I have made sure that my ID is correctly entered on the scan sheet, I will take the test with me when I leave, and I have answered all the questions on the test and entered them on the scan sheet.

B. no