1. There are several subdisciplines in geology. (a) _____ is the study of minerals and (b) _____ is the study of rocks.

2. Which of the following properties must a mineral have?

3. One way to name minerals is (a)_____, and they are classified (b)_____.

4. A/an (a)_____ has more electrons than protons and is (b)_____ than a/an (c)_____, which has more protons than electrons.

5. Normally, silicon has a +4 charge and oxygen has a -2 charge. When these two elements combine to form a mineral, the sum of their charges must be (a)____, so they would combine in the ratio of (b)____.

6. The three different types of rocks are all classified based upon:

7. (a)_____ rocks form from cooling magma, (b)_____ rocks form from sediments, and (c)_____ rocks form from alteration of existing rocks.

8. Grain size and shape often give some indication of how a rock forms. For instance, (a)_____ grain size can indicate slow cooling in an igneous rock or (b)_____ distance of movement in a sedimentary rock or (c)_____ time peroid of metamorphism in a metamorphic rock.

9. An/a (a)_____ rock, one that formed at or near the earth's surface, can also be called a/an (b)_____ rock, based on how it formed, or a/an (c)_____ rock, based on what the rock looks like.

B. (a) intrusive, (b) volcanic, (c) aphanitic

C. (a) extrusive, (b) plutonic, (c) aphanitic

D. (a) extrusive, (b) volcanic, (c) phaneritic

E. none of the above combinations

10. A composite volcano is composed of andesite and has steeper slopes than a shield volcano composed of basalt, because (a)_____. The term "composite volcano" was derived from the fact that (b)_____.

A. (a) the composite volcano forms faster, (b) the rock that forms the volcano is composed of different minerals

B. (a) the composite volcano forms slower, (b) the volcano is composed of smaller volcanoes

D. (a) lava in the composite volcano is less viscous, (b) the volcano is composed of many lava flows

E. none of the above combinations

11. In class I discussed two kinds of weathering. (a)_____ weathering deals with rocks breaking apart by applied forces (i.e., the rock breaks), while (b)_____ weathering deals with minerals in the rocks dissolving.

12. Who says coming to the last day of class was worthless! If you were here, you know the answer.

13. Which sequence of rock types occurs in the Moscow area, from oldest to youngest?

14. Moscow Mountain is mainly composed of (a)_____, while (b)_____ is the rock that occurs in Moscow directly under the soil.

15. The plant fossils we saw on the field trip were preserved in (a)_____ -sized sediments. These sediments were deposited in a lake which formed behind a/an (b)_____ dam.

16. Although we saw no evidence of this on our field trip, another major geological event occurred in our area about 10,000 years ago. It was a major flood that occurred when a lake formed behind a/an _____ dam in Montana emptied in a day or so to produce the Scablands of central Washington.

17. To summarize the geological development of our region (from past to present): Approximately 1 billion years ago, (a)____. About 800 million years ago, the area (b)____. About 100-200 million years ago, (c)____. The last major rock type, (d)____, formed about 15 million years ago.

18. Geologists use two types of time; (a)_____ time gives the years before present, and (b)_____ time tells which came first.

19. Radioactive dating is the main method geologists use to determine the age of rocks. A geologist might say that a/an (a)____ element decays to form its (b)_____. For instance, the half-life of U238 decaying to Pb206 is 4.5 billion years. What would be the ratio of U238 to Pb206 in a rock that formed at the same time the earth formed? (c)_____

20. The area next to a stream that floods is:

21. One method of flood control is to build a dam. The lake that forms behind the dam, in turn, serves to store water during a flood. One problem with this method is that when water enters the lake (a)_____ and (b)_____, which eventually (100-1000 years) will (c)_____.

22. Another method used to control stream flooding is to build (a) _____ which parallel the stream. However, the most effective form of flood control is (b)_____, which can store large amounts of water during a flood.

23. Glaciers are defined as (a)_____ and form when (b)_____. Thus, cool summers contribute more to glacier formation than cold winters.

24. Mass wasting can best be defined as:

25. Groundwater is naturally replenished from surface water. This process is called (a)_____, and (b)_____ occurs when more groundwater is pumped out of the ground than enters naturally.

26. Other problems occur when we pump too much water from the ground. For instance, when the water table over a large area decreases, (a)_____ has occurred. Pumping one well too fast can result in (b)_____ forming around that well. In either case, water production decreases.

A. (a) overdrafting, (b) subsidence

B. (a) depletion, (b) a cone of depression

C. (a) a problem, (b) pollution

E. none of the above combinations

27. When a rock has undergone plastic deformation, it can either break which creates (a)_____, or it can bend which creates (b)_____ in the rock.

28. When an earthquake occurs, several types of waves are produced and travel away from the earthquake. The (a)_____-wave travels faster than the (b)_____-wave. Also, from these waves we can determine the nature of the earth's interior. For instance, we know the earth has an outer liquid core because (c)_____-waves will not travel through a liquid.

B. (a) S, (b) P, (c) P

C. (a) compression, (b) shear, (c) compression

D. both A and C

E. none of the above combinations

29. The epicenters of earthquakes can be used to (a)_____, and their foci can be used to (b)_____.

A. (a) determine the depth to an earthquake, (b) locate the epicenters

C. (a) locate plate boundaries, (b) locate volcanoes

D. all of the above

E. none of the above combinations

30. Certain fault types occur at the three major types of plate boundaries. (a)_____ faults occur at converging boundaries, (b)_____ faults occur at diverging plate boundaries, and (c)_____ faults occur at transform plate boundaries.

31. Seismic waves are _____ when they travel between different rock types (e.g., a shale and a limestone) because the waves travel faster in the limestone than in the shale.

32. Geologists use several phenomena to probe the earth’s interior. Which of the following did I discuss?

33. The oldest rocks comprising the oceanic crust are approximately _____ million years old, while the oldest rocks comprising the continental crust are approximately 4 billion years old.

34. The physiography of the sea floor supports the theory of plate tectonics. The shallow, elongate ridges mark the boundaries of (a)_____ plates and the deep, elongate trenches mark the boundaries of (b)_____ plates.

35. Another feature found in the (a)_____ that form the ocean floor is magnetic striping. This occurs by a combination of (b)_____ and (c)_____.

A. (a) basalts, (b) magma cooling at a spreading center, (c) changes in the polarity of the earth’s magnetic field

B. (a) shales, (b) magma cooling at a spreading center, (c) changes in the polarity of the earth’s magnetic field

C. (a) basalts, (b) magma cooling at a spreading center, (c) polar wandering

D. (a) rocks, (b) rock formation, (c) changes in the earth’s gravitation field

E. none of the above combinations

36. Evidence supporting plate tectonics comes from the theory of:

37. Plate tectonics is described as:

38. The continental crust is composed mainly of (a)_____. The ocean crust is composed mainly of (b)_____, and the rocks comprising the oceanic crust are much (c)_____ than those of the continent.

39. A/an (a)_____ is the total amount of material (both discovered and undiscovered), and a/an (b)_____ is the found profitably mineable material.

40. Before confronting environmental or resource use questions in the United States, it is helpful to know the approximate population of the US, which is:

41. In the US we use approximately (a)_____ gallons of oil per day and must import approximately (b)_____ of the oil we use.

42. In the US approximately _____ percent of our energy comes from hydrocarbons.

43. Of the different forms of hydrocarbons, we get the most percent of our energy in the US from:

44. If current projections are correct, we will run out of crude oil in approximately _____ years.

45. Which of the following lists coals from lowest to highest rank (i.e., increasing carbon content)?

46. Historically, Idaho has been a mining state. Which of the following currently produces the most revenues in the state?

47. Asbestos is best defined as a/an (a)_____. There are different kinds of asbestos; (b)_____ asbestos is more of a health risk than (c)_____ asbestos.

48. Global warming is a theory stating that the earth’s atmosphere will warm as fossil fuels are burned because of increasing carbon dioxide in the atmosphere. One of the main sources of carbon dioxide is auto exhaust. However, I showed a calculation that:

49. And yet another Friday-after-the-test question: If you were here the Friday after Test #3, you know the answer.