Exam 1: Geology 101, Fall 2004
Name:_____________________________________
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1. In this class we will study, to name only a few:
A. minerals
B. rocks
C. rivers
D. petroleum formation
E. all of the above
2. The definition of geology is "the study of the planet earth," but more specifically it also includes:
A. the materials of which the earth is made
B. human-made minerals
C. living plants and animals
D. all of the above
E. none of the above
3. (a)_____ make up (b)_____, so we need a basic knowledge of both of these to understand what makes up the earth.
A. (a) Rocks, (b) minerals
B. (a) Rocks, (b) atoms
C. (a) Minerals, (b) rocks
D. (a) Water, (b) rocks
E. none of the above combinations
4. Like all sciences, geology is divided into several subdisciplines, _____ is the study of rocks.
A. paleontology
B. mineralogy
C. geomorphology
D. petrology
E. none of the above
5. Another subdiscipline of geology, _____, literally means the study of ³old² life.
A. paleontology
B. mineralogy
C. geomorphology
D. petrology
E. none of the above
6. The individual subdisciplines in geology are further subdivided. For instance, I gave the example that mineralogy could be divided into two broad fields: descriptive mineralogy and _____.
A. crystallography
B. petrology
C. geomorphology
D. petrography
E. none of the above
7. In my ³big picture² view of the earth, I tried to show that:
A. the earthıs surface is made of land masses that never move
B. the earthıs surface is composed of several large pieces that are in constant motion
C. volcanoes form all the mountains on the earth
D. the earth is made of only one type of rock
E. none of the above
8. Oceans are formed on the earth where land masses (a)_____, while mountain chains are often formed where land masses (b)_____.
A. (a) rise, (b) sink
B. (a) pull apart, (b) come together
C. (a) slide past one another, (b) pull apart
D. (a) pull apart, (c) sink
E. none of the above combinations
9. Earthquakes generally occur where:
A. land masses are moving apart
B. land masses are coming together
C. land masses move past each other
D. all of the above
E. none of the above
10. Minerals find uses in many (most?) things we deal with in daily life. For instance, (a)_____, the most abundant mineral in the earthıs crust, was used in sandpaper, but no longer. Currently, a locally mined mineral, (b)_____, is used in sandpaper.
A. (a) quartz, (b) garnet
B. (a) garnet, (b) quartz
C. (a) calcite, (b) garnet
D. (a) asbestos, (b) garnet
E. none of the above combinations
11. Another mineral mined in Idaho, _________, is used to make fertilizer and is also the major mineral comprising our bones and teeth.
A. asbestos
B. sphalerite
C. zeolite
D. apatite
E. none of the above
12. One of the main defining criteria for a mineral is that it must be _____.
A. naturally occurring
B. a liquid
C. able to be grown by humans
D. taken along with vitamins
E. none of the above
13. Two more defining criteria for a mineral are that it must have a/an (a)_____ and a/an (b)_____, the former being why we need some background knowledge of chemistry.
A. (a) definite chemical composition, (b) unique color
B. (a) definite chemical composition, (b) highly order atomic arrangement
C. (a) unique chemical composition, (b) definite hardness
D. (a) unique chemical composition, (b) unique color
E. none of the above combinations
14. We can write chemical formulas for all minerals; this can be as simple as ³C² for graphite and _____, or as complex as KAl2(AlSi3O10)(OH)2 for muscovite.
A. diamond
B. coal
C. quartz
D. calcite
E. none of the above
15. Often, mineral names make little sense when you try to learn them. However, an understanding of how minerals are named may help. Minerals are named:
A. after places
B. based on appearance
C. based on chemistry
D. after people
E. all of the above
16. (a)_____ are negatively-charged particles, and (b)_____ are positively-charged particles that are parts of atoms.
A. (a) Electrons, (b) protons
B. (a) Neutrons, (b) protons
C. (a) Ions, (b) cations
D. (a) Anions, (b) cations
E. none of the above combinations
17. The center part of an atom contains (a)_____ and neutrons and is surrounded by (b)_____ orbiting around it.
A. (a) electrons, (b) protons
B. (a) protons, (b) electrons
C. (a) ions, (b) cations
D. (a) ions, (b) electrons
E. none of the above combinations
18. The atomic weight of an element, and in turn the density of minerals made of elements, is a function of the number of (a) _____ and neutrons, while the size of an atom is a function of its number of (b)_____.
A. (a) electrons, (b) protons
B. (a) electrons, (b) cations
C. (a) protons, (b) protons
D. (a) protons, (b) electrons
E. none of the above combinations
19. There are over ninety naturally-occurring elements, but only eight of them account for almost 99% of the earthıs crust by weight, with the most abundant of the eight being _____.
A. carbon
B. oxygen
C. hydrogen
D. silicon
E. none of the above
20. Of the eight most abundant elements, _____ is the one most likely to impart a dark color in minerals. For instance, this element colors biotite black and is lacking in clear muscovite.
A. Ca
B. Si
C. Fe
D. O
E. none of the above
21. I defined chemical bonds as:
A. the way we classify minerals
B. how elements or atoms are held together in minerals
C. the way we identify minerals
D. resulting from interactions between an atomıs neutrons and electrons
E. none of the above
22. For our purposes there are three kinds of chemical bonds. (a)____ bonding occurs when electrons are shared, (b)_____ bonding occurs when electrons are removed from one atom, and (c)_____ bonding occurs as atoms ³float² in a sea of electrons.
A. (a) Ionic, (b) covalent, (c) metallic
B. (a) Metallic, (b) ionic, (c) covalent
C. (a) Covalent, (b) metallic, (c) ionic
D. (a) Covalent, (b) ionic, (c) metallic
E. none of the above combinations
23. Based upon your answer to question 22, and thinking about the fact that wire conducts electricity by movement of electrons, which of the bond types do you think would transmit electricity the best?
A. ionic
B. covalent
C. metallic
D. all bond types are the same
E. none of the above
24. I used an analogy with kids and potbelly stoves to try to show that a continuum exists between (a)_____ chemical bonding and when both stoves put out an equal amount of heat; this simulated (b)_____ bonding.
A. (a) ionic and metallic, (b) ionic
B. (a) ionic and metallic, (b) metallic
C. (a) ionic and covalent, (b) ionic
D. (a) ionic and covalent, (b) covalent
E. none of the above
25. The best definition of the physical properties of minerals is/are:
A. color
B. streak
C. things that can be measured or observed
D. the mineralıs main anion or anionic complex
E. none of the above
26. (a)_____ is defined as an applied force, while (b)____ is a materialıs response to an applied force.
A. (a) Stress, (b) strain
B. (a) Strain, (b) stress
C. (a) Elastic deformation, (b) plastic deformation
D. (a) Plastic deformation, (b) elastic deformation
E. none of the above combinations
27. Cleavage and fracture are both terms that we use to describe how minerals break; specifically cleavage refers to breaking:
A. on any surface
B. along weak planes
C. during elastic deformation
D. parallel to the growth faces
E. none of the above
28. The physical properties of minerals are:
A. used to classify minerals
B. sometimes useful to aid in mineral identification
C. directly related to the mineralıs crystal structure
D. both B and C
E. none of the above
29. Minerals are classified based upon their:
A. physical properties
B. main anion or anionic complex
C. color
D. hardness
E. streak
30. An ion is a/an (a)_____, an anion is a/an (b)____, and a cation is a/an (c)_____.
A. (a) atom, (b) negative ion, (c) positive ion
B. (a) charged atom, (b) positive ion, (c) negative ion
C. (a) charged atom, (b) negative ion, (c) positive ion
D. (a) atom, (b) positive ion, (c) negative ion
E. none of the above combinations
31. Examples of ions are (a)_____, anions are (b)_____, and cations are (c)_____.
A. (a) O2- and F-, (b) Si4+ and Al3+, (c) Si4+ and O2-
B. (a) Si4+ and Al3+, (b) Si4+ and O2-, (c) O2- and F-
C. (a) Si4+ and O2-, (b) O2- and F-, (c) Si4+ and Al3+
D. ((a) Si4+ and O2-, (b) Si4+ and Al3+, (c) O2- and F-
E. none of the above combinations
32. The basis for mineral chemistry is that anions and cations combine to make minerals so their charges:
A. are greater than one
B. are less than one
C. sum to 0
D. all the above are possible
E. none of the above
33. Quartz contains the two most abundant elements in the earthıs crust has the chemical formula:
A. Si2O2
B. SiO3
C. SiO4
D. Si2O
E. none of the above
34. Sulfides and sulfates are both major mineral classes. The difference between the two is ____. And the reason we care is the lead in a lead sulfide is less bioavailable than in a lead sulfate.
A. sulfides are based on the anion S, while sulfates are based on the anionic complex SO4
B. sulfides form when exposed to oxygen
C. sulfates cannot form in oxygen
D. sulfates alter to sulfides when exposed to oxygen
E. none of the above
35. The basis for mineral structures are that anions and cations:
A. must be the same size
B. must fit together
C. charges must sum to zero
D. must be similar in size and charge
E. none of the above
36. In general, anions are (a)_____ than cations, because they have (b)_____ electrons than protons.
A. (a) larger, (b) fewer
B. (a) larger, (b) more
C. (a) smaller, (b) fewer
D. (a) smaller, (b) more
E. none of the above combinations
37. Chemically, silicate minerals are based on the anionic complex (a)_____, and structurally the (b)_____.
A. (a) (SiO4)4-, (b) oxygen tetrahedron
B. (a) SiO, (b) silicate tetrahedron
C. (a) Si and O in any combination, (b) silicate tetrahedron
D. (a) (SiO4)4-, (b) silicate tetrahedron
E. none of the above combinations
38. In the pyroxenes and amphiboles, the silicate tetrahedrons are polymerized into (a)_____, and in the micas and the clays they are polymerized into (b)_____.
A. (a) chains, (b) sheets
B. (a) pairs, (b) sheets
C. (a) sheets, (b) chains
D. (a) rings, (b) sheets
E. none of the above combinations
39. Which of the following could be the correct chemical formula for the feldspar mineral orthoclase (given K = +1, Al = +3, Si = +4, O = -2)?
A. KAl2Si2O8
B. K2AlSi3O8
C. K3AlSi3O8
D. K4AlSi3O8
E. KAlSi3O8
40. I defined a rock as:
A. garnet
B. granite
C. a collection of minerals ³glued² together
D. a collection of minerals
E. none of the above
41. There are three major groups of rocks, which are called:
A. granite, sandstone, schist
B. quartz, mica, feldspar
C. magma, lava, sediment
D. igneous, sedimentary, and metamorphic
E. none of the above
42. (a)_____ rocks form from cooling magmas, (b)_____ rocks form from sediment being ³glued² together, and (c)_____ rocks form from alteration of rocks in the solid state.
A. (a) Igneous, (b) metamorphic, (c) metamorphic
B. (a) Sedimentary, (b) igneous, (c) metamorphic
C. (a) Metamorphic, (b) sedimentary, (c) igneous
D. (a) Igneous, (b) sedimentary, (c) metamorphic
E. none of the above combinations
43. We can distinguish between the major rock types by observing how the minerals comprising them are arranged. For instance, in _____ rocks the grains are often rounded and non-interlocking.
A. igneous
B. sedimentary
C. metamorphic
D. granite
E. none of the above
44. In general, the different rocks types are classified based on (a)_____ (i.e., the minerals they contain) and (b)_____ (i.e., the shape and arrangement of these minerals).
A. (a) how they formed, (b) where they formed
B. (a) their appearance, (b) their chemistry
C. (a) their composition, (b) their texture
D. (a) their texture, (b) their composition
E. none of the above combinations
45. _____ is the field of geology that deals with the classification and description of rocks.
A. Petrology
B. Petrography
C. Mineralogy
D. Geomorphology
E. none of the above
46. Geologists use the rock cycle to show the relationship between formation and destruction of the three major rock types. For example, (a)_____ rocks form from a cooling magma, which in turn could weather to form (b)_____. Next, (b)_____ could form a/an (c)_____ rock, which could in turn melt to form (d)_____ and complete the cycle.
A. (a) lava, (b) igneous rocks, (c) metamorphic, (d) magma
B. (a) igneous, (b) sediment, (c) igneous, (d) magma
C. (a) magma, (b) sediment, (c) sedimentary, (d) granite
D. (a) igneous, (b) sediment, (c) sedimentary, (d) magma
E. none of the above combinations
47. A example of igneous rock is (a)_____ (this rock comprises Moscow Mountain). An example of a sedimentary rock is (b)_____ (which we will learn later is important in oil production), and (c)_____ is a metamorphic rock often formed from shale, a sedimentary rock.
B. (a) garnet, (b) sandstone, (c) schist
C. (a) basalt, (b) schist, (c) granite
D. (a) basalt, (b) granite, (c) sandstone
E. none of the above combinations
48. One of the most important aspects in the study of rocks is we can often determine where and how a rock formed based upon its composition and texture. For instance, igneous rocks composed of small minerals (i.e., too small to see without the aid of a microscope) form:
A. deep in the earth
B. near the earthıs surface
C. by rivers
D. in deep water
E. none of the above
49. Recall from the first day of class I told you the single most important way ³to succeed in college² was:
A. come to class
B. pay attention (i.e., donıt sleep)
C. take good notes
D. read the text
E. bribe the professor
50. I have made sure that my ID and name are correctly entered on the scan sheet, I will take the test with me when I leave, and I have answered all the questions on the test and entered them on the scan sheet.
A. yes
B. no