1. In this class we will study

A. minerals

B. rocks

C. rivers

E. none of the above

2. The definition of geology is "the study of the planet earth," but more specifically it also includes:

3. Geology, like all sciences, is divided into several disciplines. (a)_____ is the study of minerals, while (b)_____ is the study of petroleum.

A. (a) Mineralogy, (b) petrology

B. (a) Geomorphology, (b) mineralogy

C. (a) Petrology, (b) mineralogy

D. (a) Stratigraphy, (b) paleontology

4. The earth's surface is broken into several pieces, called plates by geologists, that:

B. move with respect to each other at the rate of about 1 foot per year

C. remain stationary

D. all of the above

E. none of the above

5. Where these plates come in contact with each other, (a)_____ because (b)_____.

B. (a) is a good place to build a city, (b) there is no movement at plate boundaries

C. (a) volcanoes form, (b) of increased pressure

D. (a) magma forms, (b) of increased motion

E. none of the above combinations

6. The recent earthquake in Turkey was the result of:

B. earth movement along a fault in the middle of a plate

C. global warming

D. substandard building practices

E. none of the above

7. Which of the following do NOT use minerals in their manufacture?

A. gold coins

B. silver coins

C. quartz watches

D. makeup

8. Which of the following fit the definition of a mineral?

A. naturally occurring

B. solid

C. they have a highly ordered atomic arrangement

E. none if the above

9. The main reason we study minerals in a beginning geology class is:

B. to understand how human bones heal

C. so you will better understand the natural healing powers of minerals

D. all of the above

E. none of the above

10. Minerals are named:

A. after places (where they were discovered)

B. based on their appearance

C. after people (as an honor)

E. none of the above

11. The section in our class on chemistry was necessary to understand, among other things, that minerals are made of atoms. Atoms, in turn, are made of three basic parts: (a)_____ (which has a positive charge), (b)_____ (which has a negative charge) , and a neutral particle termed (c)_____.

12. These basic parts of atoms are in turn used to describe other important aspects of elements. For instance, the _____ (i.e., the sum of the protons and neutrons) of an element give us an indication of how heavy a mineral might be based on the elem ents it contains.

A. atomic number

C. atomic size

D. number of electrons

E. none of the above

13. The most abundant element in earth's crust is (a)_____, and the second most abundant element is (b)_____.

A. (a) oxygen, (b) hydrogen

B. (a) oxygen, (b) carbon

C. (a) carbon, (b) oxygen

D. (a) carbon, (b) hydrogen

14. Although there are over 90 naturally occurring elements, 8 of them comprise approximately _____% of the earth's crust by weight.

A. 50

B. 60

C. 70

D. 80

15. Chemical bonds are the "glue" which hold atoms together. In actuality, the electrons form the bonds. When electrons are shared between two elements a/an _____ bond is formed.

A. ionic

C. metallic

D. weak

E. none of the above

16. The physical properties of minerals, such as color, are used, among other things, to aid in mineral identification. For instance, muscovite and biotite are both micas, but biotite is black because it contains:

B. carbon

C. coal

D. tin

E. none of the above

17. Cleavage and fracture are two physical properties that deal with:

B. the hardness of minerals

C. chemical bonding in minerals

D. the streak of a mineral

E. none of the above

18. (a)_____ is an applied force and (b)_____ is a material's response to the force. These terms are important in several areas of geology.

A. (a) Strain, (b) stress

C. (a) Elastic deformation, (b) plastic deformation

D. (a) Plastic deformation, (b) elastic deformation

E. none of the above combinations

19. The physical properties of minerals can be defined as "any measurable or observable property of a mineral." The physical properties of minerals are:

A. directly related to the mineral's crystal structure

B. used to classify minerals

C. used as an aid in mineral identification

E. none of the above

20. Minerals are classified based on their:

A. physical properties

C. main cation or cationic complex

D. all of the above

E. none of the above

21. Elements become charged when the number of protons and electrons is unequal. A/an (a)_____ is formed if there are more electrons than protons, and a/an (b)____ is formed when there are more protons than electrons.

22. Ions combine to form minerals so that the sum of their charges is:

B. greater than zero

C. less than zero

D. one

E. none of the above

23. Using the above rule, which of the following is the correct chemical formula for quartz (given Si has a +4 charge and O has a -2 charge)?

A. SiO

C. SiO₃

D. SiO₄

E. none of the above

24. What is the charge on the formula AlSi₃O₈ (given Al has a +3 charge)?

A. 0

C. -2

D. +1

E. none of the above

25. Could the formula AlSi₃O₈ be a mineral?

A. yes

B. no

D. yes, if an anion with a plus one charge were added

E. none of the above

26. Based on the chemical formula, (a)_____ would be a silicate mineral and (b)_____ would be a phosphate mineral. (Assume all the formulas charge balance).

B. (a) CaCO₃, (b) Ca₅(PO₄)₃(F)

C. (a) NaCl, (b) Ca₅(PO₄)₃(F)

D. (a) SiO₂, (b) Ca₂(SO₄)

E. none of the above combinations

27. Another criterion for minerals to form is that the anions and cations must _____..

B. be the same size

C. be different sizes

D. be the same element

E. none of the above

28. The same atoms can arrange themselves in different patterns within a mineral (i.e., same chemistry different structures). These minerals are called _____ and form in different geological conditions.

B. oxides

C. covalent

D. silicates

E. none of the above

29. A silicate tetrahedron is made of (a)____ and has a charge of (b)____.

A. (a) one Si and two O atoms, (b) 0

B. (a) one Si and three O atoms, (b) -2

D. (a) one Si and four O atoms, (b) 0

E. none of the above combinations

30. Silicate tetrahedrons (a)_____ to form the (b)_____ mineral group, which comprises approximately 90% of the minerals in the earth's crust

A. (a) occur, (b) oxide

B. (a) occur, (b) granite and basalt

D. (a) polymerize, (b) oxide

E. none of the above combinations

31. While quartz is the most abundant mineral in the earth's crust, the _____ are the most abundant mineral group and comprise 50% of the earth's crust.

32. There are three classes of rocks based on their formation. (a)_____ rocks form from magma, (b)____ rocks form from sediment, and (c)____ rocks form from existing rocks in the solid state.

A. (a) Sedimentary, (b) igneous, (c) metamorphic

B. (a) Metamorphic, (b) igneous, (c)igneous

D. (a) Sedimentary, (b) metamorphic, (c) igneous

E. none of the above combinations

33. The rock cycle is a conceptual model that shows the relationships of the three rock types, how they form, and how they are destroyed. For instance, a metamorphic rock could either melt to form (a)_____ or weather to form (b)_____.

A. (a) magma, (b) a sedimentary rock

B. (a) lava, (b) a sedimentary rock

C. (a) minerals, (b) sediment

E. none of the above combinations

34. Many changes in the geological environment result from changes in pressure and temperature. For instance, water can exist in _____ phases, depending upon the pressure and temperature.

A. 1

B. 2

D. 4

E. 5

35. One of the phases of water, (a)_____ is a (b)_____.

B. (a) ice, (b) non-mineral

C. (a) steam, (b) mineral

D. (a) liquid, (b) mineral

E. none of the above

36. Often the appearance of rocks give us clues on how the rocked formed. For instance, (a)_____ rocks have interlocking grains, (b)_____ rocks have rounded non-interlocking grains, and (c)_____ rocks have flattened grains.

A. (a) sedimentary, (b) igneous, (c) metamorphic

B. (a) metamorphic, (b) sedimentary, (c) igneous

D. (a) metamorphic, (b) igneous, (c) sedimentary

E. none of the above combinations

37. The grain size of igneous rocks gives us clues as to where the rock formed. If magma cools rapidly on the surface, the grains are (a)_____, but if the magma cools slowly deep underground, the grains are (b)_____.

B. (a) visible, (b) invisible

C. (a) angular, (b) rounded

D. (a) interlocking, (b) flattened

E. none of the above combinations

38. There are two classes of igneous rocks. (a)_____ rocks form at or near the surface of the earth, and (b)_____ rocks form deep in the earth.

B. (a) Intrusive, (b) extrusive

C. (a) Plutonic, (b) volcanic

D. (a) Basalts, (b) granites

E. none of the above combinations

39. Igneous rocks can be classified based on where they form, how they from, and what they look like. For instance, a rock that formed deep in the earth could be called either a/an (a)_____ rock based on what it looked like or a/an (b)_____ rock base d on the processes that formed it.

B. (a) phaneritic, (b) volcanic

C. (a) aphanitic, (b) plutonic

D. (a) aphanitic, (b) volcanic

E. none of the above combinations

40. There are 3 basic magma types. The types differ in their chemistry. (a)_____ magma has the highest Fe-Mg content and lowest Si content. When it cools at the surface, it forms (b)_____.

A. (a) Felsic, (b) rhyolite

C. (a) Mafic, (b) rhyolite

D. (a) Felsic, (b) basalt

E. none of the above combinations

41. Variation in chemistry of the different magmas also causes the magma to have different viscosity (i.e., their ability to flow differs). The most viscous magma has the highest (a)_____ content and forms minerals with a (b)_____ polymerization of t heir silicate tetrahedrons.

42. Basalt forms from (a)_____ magma, and rhyolite forms from (b)_____ magma. Thus, basalt is (c)_____ than rhyolite.

A. (a) mafic, (b) felsic, (c) darker in color

B. (a) mafic, (b) felsic, (c) more dense (i.e., heavier)

C. (a) felsic, (b) mafic, (c) lighter in color

E. none of the above combinations

43. (a)____ forms when two plates pull apart under the ocean, and (b)____ forms when two plates pull apart on land.

A. (a) Basalt, (b) andesite

B. (a) Andesite, (b) basalt

D. (a) Granite, (b) basalt

E. none of the above combinations

44. A composite volcano _____ a shield volcano.

A. has steeper slopes than

B. is made of the same rock as

C. is made of different rock than

D. both A and B

45. _____ forms when magma cools very quickly. It looks like glass because minerals did not have time to form.

B. Basalt

C. Rhyolite

D. Andesite

E. none of the above

46. Magmas of different compositions form different rock types. (a)____ is the starting magma and alters to (b)_____ magma by various processes we have not discussed yet.

A. (a) Felsic, (b) mafic

C. (a) Rhyolite, (b) granite

D. (a) Rhyolite, (b) basalt

E. none of the above combinations

47. Magmas form when rock melts. Rock can melt by either (a)_____ in heat or (b)_____ in pressure.

B. (a) an increase, (b) an increase

C. (a) a decrease, (b) an increase

D. (a) a decrease, (b) a decrease

E. none of the above combinations

48. Bowen's reaction series is used to explain:

B. why some rocks have big crystals and other have small ones

C. how old rocks are

D. the occurrence of sedimentary rocks

E. none of the above

49. Based on Bowen's reaction series, _____ would be the first non-feldspar mineral to form as a magma cools.

A. calcite

B. quartz

D. pyroxene

E. none of the above

50. I have made sure that my ID is correctly entered on the scan sheet, I will take the test with me when I leave, and I have answered all the questions on the test and entered them on the scan sheet.

B. no