1. _____ is the most abundant intrusive igneous rock. This rock also composes the continental crust.

B. Basalt

C. Gabbro

D. Mica schist

E. none of the above

2. Different magma compositions form different types of igneous rocks. If a felsic magma cools underground, it forms:

3. Magmas evolve from mafic to felsic composition by several processes. (a) _____ is a process that removes Fe-Mg rich minerals from the magma because these early-formed minerals (b)_____ in the magma chamber.

A. (a) Crystal settling, (b) float

C. (a) Magma mixing, (b) sink

D. (a) Partial melting, (b) float

E. none of the above combinations

4. _____ is the aphanitic equivalent of a granite.

5. Rock types correlate to plate boundaries. For instance, (a)_____ forms at diverging plates, and (b)_____ often forms volcanoes at converging plates.

A. (a) granite, (b) basalt

B. (a) granite, (b) andesite

D. (a) basalt, (b) granite

E. none of the above combinations

6. _____ rocks form from preexisting material that has been lithified.

7. The relationships between individual mineral grains in rocks give us clues as to how rocks formed. For instance, interlocking grains form in (a)_____ rocks. Rounded, non-interlocking grains form in (b)____ rocks, while flattened grains form in (c)_____ rocks.

B. (a) metamorphic, (b) sedimentary, (c) igneous

C. (a) sedimentary, (b) metamorphic, (c) igneous

D. (a) sedimentary, (b) igneous, (c) metamorphic

E. none of the above combinations

8. Rocks break down into sediment by two processes that occur simultaneously. (a)_____ is the breakdown of rocks by stress and strain, and (b)_____ occurs when minerals dissolve.

9. Rocks can break with (a)_____ in pressure and (b)_____ in temperature.

A. (a) increase, (b) increase

B. (a) decrease, (b) decrease

C. (a) decrease, (b) increase

E. none of the above combinations

10. New minerals form during the process of chemical weathering. For instance, when K feldspar (KAlSi₃O₈) chemically weathers, it loses K and gains water and might form the clay mineral:

11. Concrete is defined as:

B. a rock

C. a mineral

D. all of the above

E. none of the above

12. Part of the process of making cement is heating calcite (CaCO₃)which releases (a)_____ into the atmosphere and leaves a solid, (b)_____, behind, which is the main ingredient in cement.

13. The shape of a piece of sediment gives clues as to how far it was transported. For instance, a/an _____ was carried a long distance by water.

A. poorly-rounded grain

B. large grain

D. small grain

E. none of the above

14. The sorting of sediment also gives clues as to the way in which it was transported. For instance, (a)_____ sediment could have been transported by (b)_____.

15. Sedimentary structures gives us clues as to how and where rocks from. For instance, (a) _____ form(s) in still water, like lakes, while (b) _____ forms in flowing water, like a river.

B. (a) cross bedding, (b) horizontal bedding

C. (a) ripple marks, (b) mud cracks

D. (a) fossils, (b) horizontal bedding

E. none of the above combinations

16. Sedimentary rocks are classified based on composition and texture. For clastic sedimentary rocks, the texture is based on grain size where: (a) _____ is above 2 mm, (b) _____ is between 1/16 mm to 2 mm, and (c) _____ is below 1/16 mm in size.

17. Over 20% of our energy comes from coal, which is a rock. Which of the following is a type of coal?

A. peat

B. lignite

C. bituminous

D. anthracite

18. Metamorphic rocks form when changes in pressure and temperature:

19. Pressure and temperature both increase as we go down into the earth. At (a)_____ plate boundaries, the pressure is higher and the temperature is lower than in the middle of a plate. At (b)_____ plate boundaries, the temperature is higher and the pressure is lower than in the middle of a plate.

A. (a) old, (b) young

B. (a) young, (b) old

C. (a) diverging, (b) converging

E. none of the above combinations

20. Stress affects rocks in different ways. (a)_____ will decrease the size of a rock while maintaining the same shape, while (b)_____ will change both the size and shape of the rock.

21. Phase diagrams are used to:

A. identify rocks

B. classify rocks

D. all of the above

E. none of the above

22. If we know the phase diagram for a chemical phase, like Al₂SiO₅ which I showed in class, and we find a rock that contains one of the three polymorphs of Al₂SiO₅, we:

23. Metamorphic rocks are classified based on their composition and texture. The texture classification deals with (a)_____, which is formed by directed stresses, and (b)_____

A. (a) slate, (b) shale

B. (a) shale, (b) slate

D. (a) non-foliated rock, (b) foliated rock

E. none of the above combinations

24. The composition aspect of the classification of metamorphic rocks deals with the mineral types in the rock. The different minerals that occur in a rock are a direct result of:

25. I showed a great example of the rock cycle in how (a)_____ weathered to form (b)_____, which in turn altered during metamorphism to form (c)_____.

B. (a) rocks, (b) sediments, (c) igneous rocks

C. (a) magma, (b) rocks, (c) mica schist

D. (a) feldspars, (b) sediments, (c) quartzite

E. none of the above combinations

26. Many metamorphic rocks form from sedimentary rocks. For instance, (a)_____ results when a quartz sandstone is metamorphosed, while (b)_____ results when a limestone is metamorphosed.

27. When a shale undergoes metamorphism, it can form several foliated rocks depending upon the pressure and temperature conditions. With increasing pressure and temperature, which set of rocks would form, from lowest to highest metamorphic conditions?

B. gneiss, schist, phyllite, slate

C. marble, quartzite

D. shale, slate, gneiss, schist

E. none of the above

28. Geologists use two types of time: (a)_____ time, which tells the order of events (i.e., which happened first) and (b)_____ time, which assigns dates to events (i.e., the number of years before the present).

29. Geologic time is divided into different periods and eras. The period names are based on, among other things, the geographic area in which rocks of the particular age were first described. The three geological eras derive their names from the Greek and are, from youngest to oldest:

A. Paleozoic, Mesozoic, Cenozoic

C. Cretaceous, Jurassic, Triassic

D. Jurassic, Cretaceous, Triassic

E. none of the above

30. Many early geologic principles seem like common sense today. For instance, (a)_____ states that rocks occur one on top of the other with the youngest on top. (b)_____ infers that new material cuts through old material

31. One method used to determine years before present involves finding some event that occurs in a cycle. For instance, (a)_____ in any living material could be used, as well as (b)_____, which are light/dark sediment layers deposited in a lake.

A. (a) age, (b) slates

B. (a) age, (b) shales

C. (a) growth rings, (b) cross beds

E. none of the above combinations

32. There are many naturally occurring isotopes. An isotope is best defined as:

33. Many naturally-occurring isotopes are non-stable and undergo radioactive decay to form more stable elements. The original element is called the (a)_____ and its decay product is the (b)_____. The time it takes for one-half of (a) to decay to (b) is called the element's (c)_____. The ratio of (a) to (b) can be determined in a rock to find the rock's age.

B. (a) daughter, (b) parent, (c) half-life

C. (a) parent, (b) daughter, (c) age

D. (a) parent, (b) daughter, (c) time

E. none of the above combinations

34. Mass wasting deals with:

35. Triggering events for mass wasting are:

A. water

B. oversteepening slopes

C. ground shaking (e.g., earthquakes)

E. none of the above

36. Types of mass wasting are classified based upon: the rate of movement, the type of material moved, and the nature of movement. In this classification scheme, if a house were to move as a unit (i.e., without falling apart) down a hill with a 30 degree angle, this event would be called:

37. (a)_____ is mass wasting that occurs very slowly (approximately 1"/year). It occurs on most slopes because of (b)_____.

A. (a) Creep, (b) running water

C. (a) Earthflow, (b) running water

D. (a) A landslide, (b) earthquakes

E. none of the above combinations

38. There are three main rock types in our area. The youngest is (a)_____ (about 15 million years old), (b)_____ is the next youngest (about 65 million years old), and (c)_____ is/are the oldest (about 1 billion years old).

39. Along with having the different rock types and ages, our area has undergone several diverging and converging events. The first (a)_____ event took place about 800 million years ago, followed by (b)_____ about 200 million years ago, and a failed divergence event about 20 million years ago.

B. (a) converging, (b) diverging

C. (a) diverging, (b) diverging

D. (a) converging, (b) converging

E. none of the above

40. The divergence event that occurred about 20 million years ago, even though it did not split the area apart, did form deep fractures. _____ formed from these fractures.

41. The oldest rocks in our area were originally sediments deposited in a shallow sea. These (a)_____ rocks were converted to (b)_____ during plate collision that occurred about 200 million years ago.

A. (a) sedimentary, (b) mountains

C. (a) igneous, (b) metamorphic rocks

D. (a) sedimentary, (b) an ocean

E. none of the above combinations

42. Also, about (a)____ million years ago, land masses were added to what is now western North America at a/an (b)_____ plate boundary.

43. Granite and metamorphic rocks outcrop in our area. How did they get to the surface?

A. They formed at the surface.

B. Glaciers removed the sediment to expose them.

C. In the past 50-60 million years the area has been uplifted, eroding the overlying rock and exposing these rocks formed at depth.

D. all of the above

E. none of the above

44. Climates change constantly over geologic time. The climate of our area was _____ when the leaf fossils at Clarkia were formed.

A. dryer and warmer

C. dryer and colder

D. the same

E. none of the above

45. Lakes are short-lived in the geological environment; they fill with sediment. Natural lakes form in different ways. These lakes in which we now find leaf fossils locally formed behind _____ dams.

46. The Scablands in central Washington formed when a lake in Montana broke through its _____ dam. The lake drained in a day or so, the water flowed into central Washington.

A. landslide

B. basalt

D. human-made

E. none of the above

47. The rolling hills of the Palouse are formed:

48. Moscow Mountain is made of (a)______, while (b)_____ is the rock directly under Moscow

49. In summary, the major geological event, from oldest to youngest, in our area are:

A. basalt flows, formation of the Palouse, formation of the Belt rocks

B. basalt flows, intrusion of granite into the Belt rocks, formation of the Belt rocks

C. formation of Moscow Mountain, basalt flows, formation of the Palouse

E. none of the above

50. I have made sure that my ID is correctly entered on the scan sheet, I will take the test with me when I leave, and I have answered all the questions on the test and entered them on the scan sheet.

B. no