1. The area next to a stream that floods is:

2. The largest natural disaster (based on deaths) in the United States was a/an _____ and killed approximately 2,200 people.

3. Other than carry water, streams can also (a)_____ forming (b)_____.

4. Whether a stream transports, erodes, or deposits material is a function of the material's (a)_____ and the stream's (b)_____

5. The velocity of a stream _____ downstream.

6. The amount of water flowing in a stream is called its (a)_____ and usually is expressed in (b)_____ and increases downstream.

7. Like minerals, rivers often derive their name based on their appearance. For instance, the Clearwater River in Idaho would have a very small amount of _____ while the Muddy River in Illinois would have a large amount.

8. Streams are classified based upon their _____.

9. One form of flood control is to build a dam. The lake that forms behind the dam, in turn, serves to store water during a flood. One problem with this idea is that when water enters the lake (a)_____ and (b)_____ which eventually (100-1000 years) will (c)_____.

10. Another method used to control stream flooding is to build (a) _____ which parallel the stream. However, the most effective form of flood control is (b)_____, which can store large amounts of water during a flood.

11. A glacier is best defined as:

12. Analogies can be found between snow and ice and sediments and rocks. For instance, snow can be thought of as a sediment, and ice can be thought of as a/an (a)_____. The ice in a glacier can be thought of as a/an (b)_____.

13. One of the major reasons we currently care about glaciers is because of the effects of changes in climate. Climate changes have occurred countless times in the past as have glacial periods. As glaciers form or melt, _____ would change by hundreds of feet.

14. Many climate change researchers study the amount of (a)____ in the air. They state higher levels would cause an increase in world temperature, with lots of bad results. But what if levels of this gas decreased significantly? Global temperature would then (b)_____, again with lots of bad results.

15. Caves form in different geologic environments by different methods, but the "big caves" form by (a)_____ in (b)_____.

16. A naturally occurring acid dissolves limestone. This acid forms by the combination of:

17. Speleotherms are usually made of (a)_____. They form in caves by removal of (b)_____ in the cave.

18. Two of the most common speleotherms are (a)_____ which hang down from a cave ceiling, and (b)_____ which grow up from the cave floor.

19. Groundwater is simply defined as:

20. In Moscow, and most small communities in the US, we use about _____ of water per day, per person:

21. We pump water from underground. The water occurs in rocks or sediments, not underground rivers or lakes. Two important facts to consider in obtaining water are the (a)_____ of the rock, which tells us how much water the rock can hold, and the (b)_____ of the rock, which is the ability of water to flow in the rock.

22. Groundwater occurs everywhere; however, in some areas the _____, which is the boundary between the saturated and unsaturated zones, may be very deep and in other places quite shallow.

23. Usually the depth to the water table is _____ on top of a hill than in the valley.

24. Quality and quantity are major concerns in groundwater use. The quantity is a function of _____, which is the amount of water entering the ground.

25. Just like your checking account, _____ occurs when more water is removed than replaced.

26. Water wells "run dry" for several reasons. (a)_____ occurs when the entire water table is lowered from too much pumping, and (b)_____ forms around individual wells when they are pumped too fast.

27. We once again return to stress and strain and introduce deformation. There are two kinds of deformation. (a)_____ deformation is recoverable strain, and (b)_____ is non-recoverable strain.

28. (a)_____ strain rates cause rocks to break, while (b)_____ strain rates result in folding.

29. Breaks in rocks with movement are called:

30. Faults are classified based on the direction of movement. Dip-slip faults form at:

31. Normal dip-slip faults form at (a)_____ and cause a (b)_____ of the earth's crust.

32. In a reverse dip-slip fault, the maximum stress direction is:

33. The Kibbie Dome is not really a dome but is shaped like:

34. The amount of deformation and its direction can be seen in folds. A/an (a)_____ has undergone more deformation than a/an (b)_____.

35. The term (a)_____ describes the map location of an earthquake, and the (b)_____ is the actual location of the earthquake below the ground.

36. Several different types of waves form and are sent out from an earthquake. The (a)_____ waves travel at a faster velocity than the (b)_____ waves

37. Because waves emanate from earthquakes and travel at different speeds, we can use the difference in arrival times at one seismic station to:

38. Earthquakes are classified in two ways. The (a)_____ is based on the earthquake's effect on people and buildings, and the (b)_____ is based on the amount of energy released by the earthquake.

39. Earthquakes occur at (a)_____, and deep focus earthquakes occur at (b)____.

40. While hard to believe, research has shown that earthquake frequency (a)_____ after periods of (b)_____.

41. Which of the following phenomena do geophysicists study?

42. Seismic waves are _____ when they travel between different rock types (e.g., a shale and a limestone) because the waves travel faster in the limestone than in the shale.

43. Gravity is defined as (a)_____. I would weigh (b)_____ on top of a mountain than at sea level.

44. The earth's magnetic north pole:

45. We know that the outer core is molten because:

46. The ocean crust is composed predominately of (a)_____, and the continents are composed predominately of (b)_____. Also, the ocean crust is (c)_____ than the continental crust.

47. The sea floor is not flat. Two of the main physiographic features are (a)_____, which are shallow linear features with volcanic activity, and (b)_____, which are deep linear features.

48. Surprising, the oldest rock on the ocean floor is approximately (a)_____ years old, and it is also the (b)_____ a mid-ocean ridge.

49. Based mainly on the physiography of the ocean floor, the theory of _____ was developed.

50. Remember, "stupid is forever, but ignorance can be fixed." And I’ve correctly entered my ID on the scan sheet.