1. Geology is defined as:

2. To be considered a mineral, a material must:

3. Minerals are classified based on their (a)_____ and are often identified by their (b)_____.

4. I discussed two criteria in class for mineral formation. One was (a)_____ (i.e., the correct number of cations must bond with the anions in the mineral) and anion and cations (b)_____. Both of these rules are satisfied for (c)_____, which is composed of the two most abundant elements in the earth's crust.

5. Rocks are classified into three groups based on how they form. (a)_____ rocks form from magma, (b)_____ rocks form from sediment, and (c)_____ rocks form from alteration of existing rocks in the solid state.

6. The texture of the individual grains in a rock give us clues as to how the rock formed. For instance, randomly oriented, interlocking grains would occur in a/an (a)_____ rock, rounded grains would likely occur in a/an (b)_____ rock, and flattened grains would indicate a/an (c)_____. rock

7. Grain size also gives us an indication of how and where a rock formed. For instance, in sedimentary rocks, large angular clast size would indicate a/an (a)_____ distance of transport than smaller rounded clasts. In igneous rocks, (b)_____ grain size indicates the magma that formed the rock cooled slowly, which would occur if the rock formed deep in the earth.

8. Magma compositions differ, and in turn form different rocks as they cool. (a)_____ magmas have the highest (b)_____ content and the lowest (c)_____ content. When they crystallize at depth, they form (d)_____

9. When a granite weathers, the feldspars and sheet silicates alter to clay minerals. What mineral is left behind when a granite weathers, and in turn is one of the major minerals found in sedimentary rocks?

10. When a shale undergoes metamorphism, it could form:

11. When a quartz sandstone undergoes metamorphism, it will form a metamorphic rock composed of what mineral?

12. Concrete is a multi-billion dollar industry in the US. The main ingredient in concrete is (a)_____. It is converted to CaO by (b)_____.

13. This is your "day-before-Thanksgiving-break question." Only the students who came to class that day know how to answer it (i.e., I told them which of the following answers to pick).

14. I spent a lot of time discussing local geology. The two most important rock types in our immediate area are (a)______, which occurs in Moscow, and (b)_____, which composes Moscow Mountain.

15. Plate tectonics has played a major role in the geologic development of our area. Over the past billion years, the area has gone through phases of (a)_____ (i.e., when plates collide) and (b)_____ (i.e., when plates pull apart). For instance, about 800 million years ago (c)_____ occurred, followed 100 to 200 million years ago by (d)_____. This most recent event formed the Seven Devils mountains and started forming the Idaho Batholith.

16. Water, dams, and lakes also played a major role in the geologic development of our area. On our field trip we saw plant fossils that formed in a lake behind a/an (a)_____ dam. The Scablands in central Washington formed when a lake trapped behind a/an (b)_____ dam broke through the dam resulting in a wall of water hundreds of feet high.

17. From oldest to youngest, which of the following best describes the geological history our area?

18. Geologists use two types of time; (a)_____ time gives the years before present, and (b)_____ time tells which came first.

19. Most caves form in _____ by dissolution of the rock.

20. Groundwater can be simply defined as water under the ground. The amount of water a rock can hold is a function of its (a)_____, while its (b)_____ controls flow rates.

21. When we pump groundwater at a higher rate than _____, we will run out of water.

22. The area next to a stream that floods is called a/an _____.

23. Several methods have been used to attempt to control flooding. Long ridges called (a)_____ are built next to a stream. The problem with this method, however, is that eventually the water will flow over them and flood someplace downstream. (b)_____ have been built to trap the water, but eventually the lakes they form will overflow and fill with sediment. The best method of flood control is to use the stream's (c)_____, because it can store large amounts of water.

24. Glaciers are defined as moving bodies of ice. The ice forms from (a)_____ by recrystallization. By itself, ice can be considered a/an (b)_____ and a glacier a/an (c)_____.

25. Mass wasting is the term applied to the downhill movement of material. The driving force behind all mass wasting is:

26. When rocks are subjected to stress, they can either break or bend. Geologists call breaks in rocks (a)_____ and bends in rocks (b)_____.

27. Whether a rock breaks or bends depends mainly on the rate at which strain is applied. For instance, fast rates favor (a)_____ in rocks, while slow rates favor (b)_____ in rocks.

28. Faults are classified based on the type of movement they undergo; dip-slip faults move along dip and strike-slip faults move along strike. A/an (a)_____ forms when the land is being compressed, and a/an (b)_____ forms when the land is being extended.

29. The location of earthquakes can be determined by use of seismic waves. (a)_____ travel faster than the (b)_____. One can measure the arrival time difference between these two waves and determine the distance to the earthquake.

30. These same earthquake waves can be used to determine the structure of the earth's interior because _____ cannot travel through liquids.

31. Earthquakes occur when there is movement along a fault, and fault systems occur at plate boundaries. The (a)_____ of an earthquake is the deepest at (b)_____ plate boundaries.

32. Along with seismic waves, geologists use gravity measurements to help determine the structure of the earth. A low gravity anomaly might indicate a/an _____ below the ground.

33. The sea floor is composed of (a)_____ which forms at (b)_____, and these rocks are less than (c)_____ years old.

34. Plate tectonics is a unifying theory in geology that combines observations from:

35. Plates move at the rate of approximately (a)_____ per year. The plates, which are actually made of the crust and the upper-most mantle, are termed the (b)_____ and behave in a brittle manner.

36. When a continental plate collides with an oceanic plate, the (a)_____ plate is subducted because the oceanic plate is composed of (b)_____, which is more dense than the (c)_____ which composes the other plate.

37. When two plates collide, (a)_____. When two plates pull apart, (b)_____.

38. From oldest to youngest, which of the following best describes the formation of the moon?

39. The lunar highlands are (a)_____ in color and formed of (b)_____. The lunar seas are (c)_____ in color and formed of (d)_____.

40. Two facts that I think are important for understanding many natural resource and environmental questions are: the population of the US is approximately (a)_____ and approximately (b)_____ people die per year in the US. Also important is that world population has reached approximately 6 billion.

41. A/an (a)_____ is the total amount material we have, both discovered and undiscovered, while (b)_____ is the amount of found profitably mineable material. In general, then, we have (c)_____ of (a) than (b).

42. Oil is one of the most controversial resources we use, but most people have no idea how much we use in the US. We use approximately (a)_____ gallons of oil per day in the US and import approximately (b)_____ of this amount.

43. We depend on hydrocarbons (i.e., fossil fuels) for our energy. In the US, approximately ______ of our energy comes from burning hydrocarbons. Coal is used to mainly produce electricity, natural gas is used mainly for heating, and oil is used to produce gasoline. A by-product of all of these is (b)_____, which is released into the environment when they burn.

44. _____ forms from the accumulation of organic material on the bottom of the ocean and is incorporated in mud-sized sediments which form shales.

45. Before _____ can be taken from underground rocks, it must migrate out of the non-permeable rock in which it formed.

46. People often associate mining with the western states, especially Idaho. Which of the following resources produces the most revenue in our state?

47. In class I said that there would be a negative environmental effect for using any energy source. For instance, changing to solar power to produce electricity:

48. Asbestos is _____ and was used in fireproofing different items. Unfortunately, it was not used to fireproof the rubber ring that burned apart which in turn destroyed the space shuttle Challenger.

49. There are several kinds of asbestos. (a)_____ is the most common and (b)_____ is the most rare. Of the two, human case studies have shown that the (c)_____ variety is basically harmless.

50. Remember, "stupid is forever, but ignorance can be fixed." You have correctly entered your ID on the scan sheet.