Terminology

fascia	epimysium	fasciculi
perimysium	endomysium	sarcolemma
actin	myosin	sliding filament theory
muscle fiber	contractility	biarticular muscle
myofibril	sarcomere	prime mover
assistant mover	tendon	aponeurosis
origin	isotonic (phasic)	tenodesis
concentric	eccentric	functional muscle group
isokinetic	motive force	isometric (tonic, static)
resistive force	extensibility	passive insufficiency
agonist	antagonist	active insufficiency
stabilizer	neutralizer	contractility
insertion	co-contraction	passive movement
active movement	ballistic movement	agonist
myology	excursion ratio	proximal attachment
force	reverse action	distal attachment
shunt muscle	parallel elastic tissue	force-length relationship
spurt muscle	series elastic tissue	force-velocity relationship
synergy	pennate arrangement	slow twitch muscle fiber
stretch-shorten cycle	non-pennate arrangement	fast twitch muscle fiber

Objectives

1.	Describe the components of the muscular system and their functions.
2.	Identify the types of muscle tissue in the human body and their general function.
3.	Describe the properties and gross structure of skeletal muscle tissue.
4.	Understand the importance of learning muscle attachments in learning actions of muscles.
5.	Identify muscle fiber arrangements and their contribution to muscle function.
6.	Compare the types of muscle action and their roles in causing or controlling movement of body segments.
7.	Identify the the type of muscle action occurring in a muscle and the functional muscle group that is responsible for this action.
8.	Describe the coordination of muscles during human movement, and identify the various roles that muscles play during a given movement.
9.	Describe the unique function that multi-joint muscles have in human movement.
10.	Differentiate and determine the types of movement that are occurring in the body during a given activity.
11.	Identify the five methods for studying muscular action.
12.	Explain the factors that determine when a muscle will cause movement at a joint.
13.	State the force-velocity and length-tension relationships of muscular contraction, and explain the significance of these relationships in static and dynamic movements.
14.	Identify and define the classification systems for muscle tissue and muscle organs, and explain the contribution each makes to our understanding of muscle function.
15.	Identify the muscle tissue structures and muscle organ structures on a diagram.
16.	Describe, in general terms, the point in the range of motion at which a muscle acting over that joint is most efficient.
17.	Determine when a muscle acts as a stabilizer and when it acts as a dislocater.
18.	Explain how muscle insertion angle determines whether a muscle is a mobilizer or a dislocater.
19.	Describe the sliding filament theory of muscle contraction.
20.	Describe the stretch-shorten cycle in skeletal muscle and explain its significance to understanding human movement.
21.	Perform a muscular analysis of a human motor skill.
22.	List and explain the benefits of muscular training programs.
23.	List and discuss the general principles that should be followed when prescribing a muscular training program. Provide a scientific rationale for each of the principles.
24.	Describe common muscle and tendon injuries and pathologies.

Study Questions

1.	Usually, when a muscle contracts, the distal attachment moves toward the proximal attachment. Another name for the distal attachment is ; another name for the proximal attachment is .
2.	What is the name for a muscle contraction in which the proximal end moves toward the distal end?
3.	The flexor carpi radialis muscle performs wrist flexion and radial deviation. The flexor carpi ulnaris performs wrist flexion and ulnar deviation. In what wrist action do the two muscles act as agonists? In what wrist action do they act as antagonists?
4.	The gluteus maximus muscle is a hip extensor and lateral rotator. The semitendinosus muscle is a hip extensor. The gluteus minimus muscle is a hip medial rotator. Which of these three muscles must act as a neutralizer for hip extension to occur?
5.	Identify the antagonists in each of the following motions: abduction at the shoulder, flexion at the shoulder, and abduction at the hip.
6.	Describe reverse action (when the end that is usually less movable becomes the movable end) in the following muscles: triceps brachii, biceps brachii, hamstrings. Give examples of activities in which reverse action of these muscles would occur.
7.	Identify the muscles that are involved in lowering oneself into an armchair by using one's arms. Is the muscle contraction eccentric or concentric? Is the muscle acting in reverse action? Please explain your answer.
8.	Describe the position of the upper extremity in which each of the following muscles would be actively insufficient: biceps brachii, triceps brachii. Describe the position in which the same muscles would be passively insufficient.

Topic Outline

Roman numerals II, III, IV, & VI will be emphasized in lecture. The other headings are covered thoroughly in your text. You should learn this material as well, using the study objectives above to help you determine your focus.

I.	Organ Level Structure & Function
	A. Structure of the Muscle Organ B. Function of the Muscle Organ
II.	System Level Structure & Function
	A. General Structure & Function B. Torque-Angle Diagrams C. Multiarticular Muscles D. Muscle Actions E. Muscle Coordination
III.	Injury to the Muscular System

Lecture Handouts